The Next Generation of Library Automation and Discovery:

1. Marshall Breeding Independent Consultant, Author, Speaker Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding The Next Generation of Library Automation and Discovery: Key Issues and Trends 28February 2013 Iowa ILEAD USA Innovative Librarians conference

2. Abstract • Libraries today face incredible challenges as they face challenges brought on by shifts in their collections to include ever increasing of electronic content, never-ending budget pressures, and rising expectations by their customers for instant access to information.  In response to these challenges, libraries demand more effective and efficient automation solutions with requirements for additional features and functionality aligned with these new realities that may not have been present in previous automation products.  In the past, libraries could gain adequate automation by choosing the best integrated library system that fit their technical requirements and budget.  Now, for better or worse, many choices now exist that represent quite different paths, including decisions regarding open source versus proprietary products, evolutionary ILS versus new-generation library services platforms, online catalogs versus discovery services, locally implemented versus cloud-based deployment.  Marshall Breeding will present an overview of the current library automation landscape, highlighting the advantages and concerns presented by this new slate of alternatives. 

3. Library Technology Guides www.librarytechnology.org

4. Iowa Public Libraries: Automation

5. Library Journal Automation Marketplace • Published annually in April 1 issue • Based on data provided by each vendor • Focused primarily on North America • Context of global library automation market

6. LJ Automation Marketplace Annual Industry report published in Library Journal: • 2012: Agents of Change • 2011: New Frontier: battle intensifies to win hearts, minds and tech dollars • 2010: New Models, Core Systems • 2009: Investing in the Future • 2008: Opportunity out of turmoil • 2007: An industry redefined • 2006: Reshuffling the deck • 2005: Gradual evolution • 2004: Migration down, innovation up • 2003: The competition heats up • 2002: Capturing the migrating customer

7. AppropriateAutomation Infrastructure • Current automation products out of step with current realities • Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic content • Majority of automation efforts support print activities • New discovery solutions help with access to e-content • Management of e-content continues with inadequate supporting infrastructure

8. Key Context: Libraries in Transition • Academic Shift from Print > Electronic • E-journal transition largely complete • Circulation of print collections slowing • E-books now in play (consultation > reading) • All libraries: • Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections • Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections • Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability

9. Fundamental technology shift • Mainframe computing • Client/Server • Web-based and Cloud Computing http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/ http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html

10. Local Computing • Traditional model • Locally owned and managed • Shifting from departmental to enterprise • Departmental servers co-located in central IT data centers • Increasingly virtualized

11. Major trend in Information Technology Term “in the cloud” has devolved into marketing hype, but cloud computing in the form of multi-tenant software as a service offers libraries opportunities to break out of individual silos of automation and engage in widely shared cooperative systems Opportunities for libraries to leverage their combined efforts into large-scale systems with more end-user impact and organizational efficiencies Cloud Computing

12. Gartner Hype Cycle 2012

13. Budget Allocations Local Computing Cloud Computing • Server Purchase • Server Maintenance • Application software license • Data Center overhead • Energy costs • Facility costs • Annual Subscription • Measured Service? • Fixed fees • Factors • Hosting • Software Licenses • Optional modules

14. Almost all library automation vendors offer some form of “cloud-based” services Server management moves from library to Vendor Subscription-based business model Comprehensive annual subscription payment Offsets local server purchase and maintenance Offsets some local technology support Library Management in the Cloud

15. Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern approach One copy of the code base serves multiple sites Software functionality delivered entirely through Web interfaces No workstation clients Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments Software as a Service

16. SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data models Bibliographic knowledgebase: one globally shared copy that serves all libraries Discovery indexes: article and object-level index for resource discovery E-resource knowledge bases: shared authoritative repository of e-journal holdings General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows Data as a service

17. Moving legacy systems to hosted services provides some savings to individual institutions but does not result in dramatic transformation Globally shared data and metadata models have the potential to achieve new levels of operational efficiencies and more powerful discovery and automation scenarios that improve the position of libraries overall. Leveraging the Cloud

18. Transition to Web-scale Technologies • Web-scale: a characterization or marketing tag that denotes a comprehensive, highly-scalable, globally shared model • Web-scale: One of the key characteristics of emerging library management and discovery services • Displaces applications or data models targeting individual libraries in isolation • Discovery: index-based search • Management: Library Services Platforms

19. Cloud Computing for Libraries Book Image Publication Info: • Volume 11 in The Tech Set • Published by Neal-Schuman / ALA TechSource • ISBN: 781555707859 • http://www.neal-schuman.com/ccl

20. A New Generation of Resource Discovery

21. ILS Data Online Catalog Search: Scope of Search • Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level • Not in scope: • Articles • Book Chapters • Digital objects Search Results

22. Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface • Single search box • Query tools • Did you mean • Type-ahead • Relevance ranked results • Faceted navigation • Enhanced visual displays • Cover art • Summaries, reviews, • Recommendation services • Scope of Search • Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level • Other local and open access content • Not in scope: • Articles • Book Chapters • Digital objects

23. Discovery from Local to Web-scale • Initial products focused on interface improvements • AquaBrowser, Endeca,Primo, Encore, VuFind, • LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena • Mostly locally-installed software • Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery • Primo Central (Ex Libris) • Summon (Serials Solutions) • WorldCat Local (OCLC) • EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) • Encore Synergy (no index, though)

24. Discovery Interface search model ILS Data Digital Collections Search: Local Index ProQuest Search Results EBSCOhost MetaSearch Engine … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Real-time query and responses

25. Web-scale Index-based Discovery ILS Data (2009- present) Digital Collections Search: Web Site Content Institutional Repositories Aggregated Content packages Search Results Consolidated Index … E-Journals Reference Sources Pre-built harvesting and indexing

26. Public Library Information Portal LMS Data Digital Collections Search: Web Site Content CommunityInformation Aggregated Content packages Search Results Consolidated Index … Customer-providedcontent Reference Sources CustomerProfile Usage-generatedData Archives Pre-built harvesting and indexing

27. Discovery Products http://www.librarytechnology.org/discovery.pl

28. E-books in Libraries

29. Integrating e-Books into Library Automation Infrastructure • Current approach involves mostly outsourced arrangements • Collections licensed wholesale from single provider • Hand-off to DRM and delivery systems of providers • Loading of MARC records into local catalog with linking mechanisms • No ability to see availability status of e-books from the library’s online catalog or discovery interface

30. Legal / Business issues • E-book products generally involve licenses that provide access to titles but may not constitute full ownership of materials. • Will libraries need to re-purchase titles if they switch e-book providers • Lending models mostly adhere to restrictions consistent with print: • Only one reader can access each copy licensed • Digital copies may need to be repurchased after designated number of uses (Example HarperCollins) • No “doctrine of first sale:” Rights of the library limited by the publishers

31. Technology Issues • Access to materials controlled through Digital Rights Management • Closed ecosystems that control content through identity management and rights policies • Imposes significant overhead on the user experience: • Download an install DRM components • Establish user credentials in site trusted by DRM • Works only with devices that comply with DRM restrictions

32. E-Book Challenges for Libraries • Work toward legal framework that preserves the role and value of libraries to provide access to materials without cost • Work toward business model where libraries can acquire materials at reasonable costs • Deliver materials with through a user-friendly experience • It should be easier to borrow an e-book from a library than purchase one from an online store

33. Challenges for library automation • Provide the same types of management control for e-books as other collection component • Acquisitions: select and acquire materials from multiple providers • Cataloging: High-quality descriptive metadata • Electronic copies appropriately aligned with those in print or other media • Circulation: Integrated with other media. • Option to lend e-reader devices • Discovery • Integrated with all other formats • Unified environment for content delivery

34. Next-Gen Library Catalogs Marshall Breeding Neal-Schuman Publishers March 2010 Volume 1 of The Tech Set

35. Cooperation and Resource sharing • Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate • Many regional consortia merging (Example: suburban Chicago systems) • State-wide or national implementations • Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based implementations • Many libraries share computing infrastructure and data resources

36. Illinois Heartland Library Consortium • LargestConsortiumin US by Number of Members

37. Strategic Cooperation • Shared infrastructure in support of strategic collaborative relationships • Opportunities to share infrastructure • Examples: • 2CUL • Orbis Cascade Alliance • Opportunities to reconsider automation implementation strategies • One library = 1 ILS? • Ability to share infrastructure across organizational boundaries?

38. Shared Infrastructure • Northern Ireland • South Australia • Denmark (tender process underway) • Chile • Iceland

39. New-generation Library Management

40. Is the status quo sustainable? • ILS for management of (mostly) print • Duplicative financial systems between library and campus • Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS) • OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to full-text electronic articles • Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.) • Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) • Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections • No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

41. Policies $$$ Funds BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Integrated (for print) Library System Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog BusinessLogic DataStores

42. Policies LicenseTerms BIB Vendors Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor E-JournalTitles $$$ Funds LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: ` Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog E-resourceProcurement LicenseManagement Protocols: CORE

43. BIB Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor Policies $$$ Funds Common approach for ERM Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Budget License Terms Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog Titles / Holdings Vendors Access Details

44. Comprehensive Resource Management • No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials • ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model • Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows

45. Academic Libraries need a new model of library management • Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System • The ILS/LMSwas designed to help libraries manage print collections • Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections • Other library automation products evolved: • Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories

46. Library Services Platform • Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services • Services • Service oriented architecture • Exposes Web services and other API’s • Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users • Platform • General infrastructure for library automation • Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service • Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data

47. Library Services Platform Characteristics • Highly Shared data models • Knowledgebase architecture • Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data stores • Delivered through software as a service • Multi-tenant • Unified workflows across formats and media • Flexible metadata management • MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX • Bibframe • New structures not yet invented • Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability

48. Open Systems • Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies • Libraries need to do more with their data • Ability to improve customer experience and operational efficiencies • Demand for Interoperability • Open source – full access to internal program of the application • Open API’s – expose programmatic interfaces to data and functionality

49. New Library Management Model Unified Presentation Layer Search: Self-Check /Automated Return Library Services Platform ` Digital Coll Consolidated index Discovery Service ProQuest API Layer StockManagement EBSCO … Enterprise ResourcePlanning Smart Cad / Payment systems JSTOR LearningManagement AuthenticationService Other Resources

50. Library Services Platforms