Introduction to Period 3 600-1450 AD

1. Introduction to Period 3600-1450 AD

2. What is not Happening anymore during the 600-1450 era (what has not continued or happened yet) 1. Eastern and Western Hemispheres not joined yet-trade intensified but only between Afro-Euroasia 2. New technologies, but not as numerous as previous or later period 3. Empires smaller or non-existent (except Mongol Empire) 4. Environmental Changes not as great 5. Inequality between the sexes and slavery actually grew

3. The Big Themes of the 600-1450 Era • Religions became unifying forces for societies- Islam (Middle East), Christianity (most of Europe) and Buddhism (E & SE Asia) • Civilizations spread to many parts of the globe-espec. in Sub-Saharan African, the Americas and SE Asia • Trade and Communication increased, but accelerates the spread of disease also

5. ISLAM:Submissionto theWill of Allah Why do some of them hate? Why do they believe the way they do?

6. Islam means “Submission” Muslimsare the Followersof Islamor “those who surrender to Allah.” Why call it Islam?

7. The godof Islam is Allah Islam is a monotheistic religion. Who is the god of Islam?

8. Do Christians, Jews and Muslims worship the same God? • Answer: Debatable • Jews and Christians both believe the Old Testament to be the inspired word of God Yahweh • Muslims claim the Bible is corrupt • The characteristics of Allah and God of the Bible are much different

9. Founder of Islam: Muhammad- “The prophet” About 570 AD-632 AD Muhammad lived in Saudi Arabia, he was originally a camel driver Before his death in 632 AD, Muhammad ruled much of Arabia as prophet and king of Islam. Who was Muhammad?

10. Muhammad had many wives; including a 6 year old girl • No Muslim denies that when Muhammad was over 50 years old, he married a 6-year old girl named Aishah and "knew her" at age 9. • Muhammad was involved with at least 22 women

11. A recent artist was threatened by terrorists after drawing this picture of a evil looking Muhammad

12. Why is the Symbol of Islam a crescent moon and star (the hilal)? • Muslims believe that Muhammad first received the holy book of Islam during the Crescent Moon phase

13. How did Muhammad receive the Muslim holy book the Qur’an (Koran)? • According to the Qur’an, Muhammad received the Qu’ran from “an angel” (Gabriel) in the Hira cave • Muhammad (he was illiterate) had his best friend Abu Bakr record these messages into what Muslims call the Qu’ran(recitation)

14. Jabal al-Nour is where Muhammad is believed to have received the first revelation of Allah through the Archangel “Gabriel”

15. The Sacred Language of Islam • Arabic the Sacred Language-although the Qur’an has been translated into many different languages

16. Rituals and Practices of IslamThe 5 Pillars of Islam

17. 1.Reciting The Shahada- There is no god worthy of worship except Allah andMuhammadis HisMessenger [or Prophet].

19. 2. Salat

20. German Woman stands up to Muslim call to prayer in Christian church • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WP2eL4tixc

21. The Mosque • The Muslim place of worship.

22. 3. The Zakat • giving to the poor (charitable donations). • Muslims believe that all things belong to God. • Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.” • About 2.5% of your income. 3

23. 4. The Sawm • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. • Considered a method of self- purification. • No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

24. Muslims believe the month of Ramadanis the holiest Occured in August 22nd, 2009 to September 23rd, 2009in 2009 In between -- that is, during the daylight hours -- Muslims totally abstainfrom eating, drinking, smoking, and marital sex. The usual practice is to have a big pre-fast meal (suhoor) before dawn and a post-fast meal (iftar) after sunset. MuslimHoly Days-Month of Ramadan

25. 5. The Hajj • Thepilgrimage. • Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

26. How did Islam spread from Mecca? • Muhammad used the concept of Jihad(Holy War/struggle) to spread the message of the Qur’an throughout Arabia.

27. The Spread of Islam • No priesthood. • Teaches equality between rich and poor • Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes. • Easily “portable”  nomads & traderoutes. • Jihad(“Holy War”) against non- believers (“infidels”).

28. The Spread of Islam-the Caliphate of Abu Bakr and early patriarchs (632-661) • After Muhammad’s death his friend Abu Bakr became the 1st caliph (religious ruler/emperor) of the Islamic world • Est. a theocracy- a govt ruled by “divine guidance” or by religious rules • Known as a Caliphate • Conquered as far away as Syria, Iraq and Persia (Iran) • No clear line of succession • Eventually a Meccan ruling family (dynasty) called the Umayyad took control of Muslim world in 661

29. The Early Caliphates

30. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 AD) • Capital moved to Damascus...but Mecca still spiritual center • Arabic-the official language • Gold and silver coins • Jizya-tax unbelievers had to pay if they lived in the caliphate • Great expansion-all the way to Spain-Cordoba • Built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem • Shia v Sunni division brought the empire down>>> Abbasid Dynasty

31. Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 AD) • Capital moved to Baghdad • Golden age of Islam in arts and sciences, math (algebra)-learned from India, medicine (Mohammad al-Razi’s encyclopedia) • Idea of credit introduced by merchants-less dangerous • Paper from the Chinese-money, libraries of world-wide scholarship • Kept the classics alive-greek and roman writings-stored in libraries • Controlled trade routes-espec Silk Road • Sufis-Ismalic merchant missionaries

32. Abbasid Dynasty’s Empire

34. Decline of the Islamic Caliphates • Internal power struggles& civil war-Shia v Sunni • External foes (like Rome)-Europeans, Persians, Turks and Byzantine • Final blow (like Rome)-Mongol barbarian invasions • Ottoman Turks eventually filled the void until 1918

35. What are the 3 holiest sites in Islam? Three holiest cities in Islam:Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

36. #2 Medina (Madinah) • Saudi Arabia • the first city to accept Muhammad’s message (Mecca rejected him and his message at first) and is his burial place • Muslims only allowed Muhammad’s tomb

37. But why then is going to Mecca the most important? • it is the place in Saudi Arabia where Muhammad was born and where he first received the Quran • Must be done at least once ina Muslim’s lifetime. • 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. • Mecca (Makkah) is #1 holiest city 5

38. Because it is a small cubical building in Mecca that houses a small black stone sacred to all Muslims. Muslims must walk around the stone 7 times and then kiss it. It is the most holy site in all Islam Why would it be war if someone destroyed the Kabah(Kaaba)?

39. The Kabah at night

40. Modern Buildings over the Kabah

41. Individuals who use fake certificates of Muslim identity to enter Mecca may be arrested and prosecuted by Saudi authorities

42. Then if the Muslims have Mecca, what is their holy claim to Jerusalem?

43. The Dome of the Rock (As-Sakhrah) located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (689 -691 AD) Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into heaven one night.

44. Muhammad’s ride on the Buraq horse to “heaven” and “hell”

45. Two Great Prophets - Muhammad on a camel and Jesus on a donkey.  They are on their way to meet Moses who is seen here peaking through a window

46. Interesting Islamic Religious Practices/Beliefs • Up to 4 wives allowed at once. • No alcohol or pork. • No gambling. • Jesus existed but did not die on the cross • The Holy Bible is corrupted

47. What is Sharia law? • The Muslim law as stated in the quran • One who lives in a Muslim country must submit to it • Some Muslim countries do not have strict Sharia law • Some violations are subject to the death penalty-adultery, homosexuality, converting to another religion

48. Countries w/ Sharia rule in 2014

49. Sharia-examples from northern Nigeria

50. Women must dress modestly (not show much skin). In many Muslim countries women are considered property Why are Muslim women treated unequally?