1 / 82

98 年專科護理師訓練 神經系統常見問題之評估 ( 一 )

98 年專科護理師訓練 神經系統常見問題之評估 ( 一 ). 頭痛 Headache 頭暈 Dizziness. 成大醫院神經科 黃涵薇醫師. 頭痛 Headache. Pain-sensitive cranial structures. 顱外 Skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscles extracranial arteries, periosteum of skull Eye, ear nasal cavities perinasal sinuses 顱內 血管

haley
Download Presentation

98 年專科護理師訓練 神經系統常見問題之評估 ( 一 )

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 98年專科護理師訓練神經系統常見問題之評估 (一) 頭痛 Headache 頭暈 Dizziness 成大醫院神經科 黃涵薇醫師

  2. 頭痛 Headache

  3. Pain-sensitive cranial structures • 顱外 • Skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscles extracranial arteries, periosteum of skull • Eye, ear nasal cavities perinasal sinuses • 顱內 • 血管 • Intracranial venous sinuses and their large tributaries, esp. pericavernous structures • Arteries within the dura and pia-subarachnoid, particulary the proximal parts of the ACA, MCA and the intracranial segment of ICA • The middle meningeal and superficial temporal arteries • 腦膜 • Parts of the dura at the base of the brain • 顱神經 • The optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, (and the first three cervical nerves)

  4. Areas of refer pain from intracranial structures • From supratentorial structures • Anterior 2/3 of head (V1, V2 dermatones) • From infratenotrial structures • Vertex, posterior head and neck • From VII, IX, X cranial nerves • Naso-orbital region, ear, throat Pain from extracrainal part of body NOT refer to head, EXCEPT • Cervical portion of ICA • Eyebrow, supraorbital region • Upper cervical spine • occiput • Angina pectoris (rare) • Jaw, vertex

  5. 「國際頭痛疾病分類」 ICHD (International Classification of Headache Disorders) • 第一版在1988年公布,第二版於2004年刊登於Cephalalgia雜誌。 • 不論是中文版或英文版的「國際頭痛疾病分類」都長達一百五十頁以上 ! • 在英文版第二版中,作者建議-「這份內容龐大的分類文件不是用來背的,這是一份須要一次又一次不斷查看的文件。」

  6. 頭痛 Headache • 原發性 (Primary) • 次發性 (Secondary) • 以決定頭痛的原因及訂定適切的治療計畫

  7. 原發性頭痛 (primary headache) • 意謂頭痛本身即為痛的成因。 • 超過百分之九十的頭痛患者屬於此類。 • 重點就是排除次發性的可能。

  8. 無預兆偏頭痛 Migraine without aura A. 至少有5次能符合基準B-D的發作 B.頭痛發作持續4-72小時 (未經治療或治療無效) C. 頭痛至少具下列二項特徵: 1. 單側 2. 搏動性 3. 疼痛程度中或重度 4. 日常活動會使頭痛加劇或避免此類活動(如走路或爬樓梯) D. 當頭痛發作時至少有下列一項: 1. 噁心及/或嘔吐 2. 畏光及怕吵 E. 非歸因於其他疾患

  9. 典型預兆偏頭痛性頭痛 Typical aura with migraine headache A. 至少有2次符合基準B-D的發作 B. 預兆至少包括下列一項,但無肢體無力: 1. 完全可逆視覺症狀,包括正向特徵 (如:閃爍的光、點或線) 及/或負向特徵 (即視力喪失) 2. 完全可逆感覺症狀,包括正向特徵 (即針刺感)及/或負向特徵 (即麻木感) 3. 完全可逆失語性語言障礙 C. 至少具下列2項: 1.單側的視覺症狀及/或單側感覺症狀 2. 至少一種預兆症狀在≧5分鐘逐漸產生,及/或不同預兆症狀,在≧5分鐘相繼發生 3. 每一種症狀持續≧5及≦60分鐘 D. 符合無預兆偏頭痛 基準B-D的頭痛,在預兆同時或預兆之後的60分鐘內發生 E. 非歸因於其他疾患

  10. 緊縮型頭痛Tension-type headache A. Frequent: 至少有十次能符合基準B-D之發作,且發作平均每月≧1日但<15日,已至少三個月(每年≧12日且<180日, 頭痛持續30分鐘至7日 Chronic: 頭痛平均發作每月≧15日,已>3個月(每年≧180日)且符合基準B-D, 頭痛持續數小時或可能持續不斷 B.頭痛至少具下列二項特徵: 1. 雙側 2. 壓迫/緊縮性(非搏動性) 3.程度輕或中度 4.不因日常活動如走路或爬樓梯而加劇 C.下列兩項皆符合: 1. 無噁心或嘔吐(可能有食慾不振) 2. 最多只有畏光或怕吵其中一項症狀 D. 非歸因於其他疾患

  11. 叢發性頭痛 Cluster headache A. 至少有5次符合基準B-D之發作 B. 位於單側眼眶、上眼眶及/或顳部重度或極重度疼痛,如不治療可持續15至180分鐘 C.頭痛時至少伴隨下列一項: 1. 同側結膜充血及/或流淚 2. 同側鼻腔充血及/或流鼻水 3. 同側眼皮水腫 4. 同側前額及臉部出汗 5. 同側瞳孔縮小及/或眼皮下垂 6. 不安的感覺或躁動 D. 發作頻率為每二日一次至每日八次 E. 非歸因於其他疾患

  12. 典型三叉神經痛Classical trigeminal neuralgia A. 發作性 (paroxysmal) 疼痛發作,持續由不到一秒到兩分鐘,影響三叉神經一支或一支以上分支的支配區,且符合基準B及C B. 疼痛至少具下列一項特徵: 1. 劇烈、尖銳、表淺或刺戳痛 2. 於誘發區引發或由誘因引發 C. 就個別病人而言,疼痛的發作型態是固定 (stereotyped) 的 D. 沒有神經功能缺損的臨床證據 E. 非歸因於其他疾患

  13. 次發性頭痛 (Secondary headache) • 意謂頭痛由其他原因所引起 • 頭部與頸部外傷 • 顱部或頸部血管疾患 • 非血管性顱內疾患 • 物質或物質戒斷 • 感染 • 體內恆定疾患 • 頭顱,頸,眼,鼻,耳,口,鼻竇,牙或其他面部或顱部結構疾患 • 精神疾患 「國際頭痛疾病分類」 ICHD II • 需治療引起頭痛之原因。

  14. 與腦瘤相關的頭痛 • The pain has no specific features • tend to be deep-seated, usually non-throbbing • Lasts a few minutes to an hour or more • Occur once or many times during a day • Physical activity and changes in position of the head may provoke pain, whereas rest diminishes its frequency • If unilateral , the pain is nearly always on the same side of tumor • Supratentorial/infratentorial tumor 的頭痛以interauricular circumference為分界 • Late stage, IICP leads to • Unilateral to bioccipital or bifrontal headache, nocturnal awakening, projectile vomiting

  15. 25% stroke with headache around the onset 50% headache onset prior to the neurological deficits pressing or throbbing If unilateral, pain is usually ipsilateral to the side of stroke More in large stroke posterior circulation with a history of primary headache 與中風相關的頭痛

  16. 老年人的特殊頭痛 • Temporal arteritis (Giant cell arteritis) • 肇因於頭部動脈的發炎, 多是外頸動脈的分支 • 頭皮動脈腫脹壓痛併ESR或CRP上升 • 可能伴隨polymyalgia rheumatica及jaw claudication • 變異性大, 故凡是60歲以上新發的持續性頭痛均需懷疑此診斷, 進行適當的診察 • 易併發前側缺血性視神經病變(anterior ischemic optic neuropathy)導致失明, 由一側失明進展至另一側的時間小於一週 • 需積極用高劑量類固醇預防治療, 治療三天內顯著緩解頭痛 • 通常也有腦部缺血及失智的危險 • Hypnic headache • 鈍痛, 只在睡眠中發生, 使病人醒來 • 三項中具其二 • 首次發作在50歲以後, 醒來後頭痛持續15分鐘以上, 一個月發生15次以上 • 無自主神經系統症狀, 且噁心, 畏光, 怕吵不超過一項

  17. ”雷擊般頭痛” Thunderclap headache • Subarachnoid hemorrhage • Sentinel leak • Acute hypertensive crisis • Cervical artery dissection • Pituitary hypoplexy • Cerebral spasm • Primary thunderclap headache • Primary cough headache • Primary headache associated with sexual activity • Cerebral venous thrombosis

  18. 需懷疑顱內高壓之頭痛 IICP Headache • Symptoms • 廣泛性脹痛, 平躺更易頭痛 • Valsalva maneuver會更痛 • 半夜痛醒 (nocturnal awakening) • 噴射性嘔吐 (projectile vomiting) • IICP Signs • 視乳頭水腫 (papilloedema) • 盲點擴大 • 視野缺損 • 第六對腦神經痲痺 • 臥姿經腰椎穿刺測量出腦脊髓液壓力增加 (在非肥胖者>200mm H2O;在肥胖者>250mm H2O) • Cushing response • Hypertension, bradycardia, slow and irregular breathing

  19. 腦脊髓液低壓之頭痛 Intracranial hypotension A. 整個頭(diffuse)及/或鈍痛,在坐起或站立後15分鐘內惡化,至少具下列一項,且符合基準D: 1. 頸部僵硬 2. 耳鳴 3. 聽力障礙 4. 畏光 5. 噁心 B. 至少具下列一項: 1. MRI有腦脊髓液低壓的證據(如:硬腦膜對比增強) 2. 傳統脊髓攝影、CT脊髓攝影、或腦池攝影術證實有腦脊髓液滲漏 3. 在坐姿,腦脊髓液起始壓力<60mm H2O C. 有/無硬腦膜穿刺或導致腦脊髓液瘻管病因等病史 D. 頭痛在硬腦膜外血液貼片後72小時內緩解

  20. 原發性頭痛和次發性頭痛可以並存 !

  21. Approach patients with headache

  22. Head Ache …有關頭痛需要獲得的病史 • Location • Quality • Tightness, pressure, throbbing, stabbing… • Intensity • Mode of onset, time-intensity curve, and duration • Precipitating, aggravating and relieving factors • Associative symptoms

  23. 評估頭痛的嚴重程度 • 目測類比量表(Visual analogue scale ,VAS) • 區分頭痛為十級,即1至10分。 • 「0」代表沒有頭痛、「10」代表這一輩子最嚴重的疼痛。 • 概括而言1到3分表示「輕度」,4到6分表「中度」,7到9分表「重度」,而10分表示「極重度」。

  24. SNOOPMaria-Carman B. Wilson, MD. • Symptoms(症狀)如發燒,倦怠,體重減輕 • Neurological(神經學)症狀或徵象 • Onset(發生)突然,快速惡化 • Older(年紀大的病患)出現新發生或逐漸惡化之頭痛 • Previous(原先)頭痛的頻率、強度、時程、特色改變 

  25. 焦點病史  • 病人這種頭痛有多久了? • 長時間持續多年且未曾改變的頭痛常為原發性頭痛,如偏頭痛。 • 新頭痛的發生,特別是超過50歲,則是個警訊。 • 若病人已有多年頭痛,它改變了嗎? • 了解原本頭痛的改變,包括頻率、強度、時程等不同的特徵。

  26. 何時頭痛發生? • 夜間頭痛可能是次發性,導因於某些引起顱內壓上昇的情形。有些時候,剛睡醒時也會有次發性頭痛。因為這些相似性,頭痛發生的時間需進一步探討來決定原發或次發。 • 睡眠時發生的頭痛可以是原發的。叢發性頭痛及偏頭痛都可在睡眠時發生或將人痛醒。

  27. 頭痛是突發或慢慢發生? • 對於數秒或數分鐘即痛到最痛者,可能會評估是否有潛在疾患如腦出血、栓塞、顱內壓上昇等情形。 • 原發性頭痛,包括不明原因(idiopathic)、刺戳性(stabbing)頭痛、咳嗽或用力(exertion)引起的、和性交有關的、叢發性及叢發類(variant),都可以快速發生。

  28. 是否曾注意到下列神經學症狀:意識混亂、意識不清、麻木、無力、言語視力或平衡因難、或其他神經學不正常的症狀及徵象?是否曾注意到下列神經學症狀:意識混亂、意識不清、麻木、無力、言語視力或平衡因難、或其他神經學不正常的症狀及徵象? • 若在偏頭痛發生前產生這些症狀,病人可能符合預兆偏頭痛。然而,必須區分不符合典型預兆偏頭痛的症狀及徵象,因此會仔細的詢問相關病史看看是否這些症狀指向其他問題。

  29. 若病人曾經歷過預兆,它是如何發生又持續多久?若病人曾經歷過預兆,它是如何發生又持續多久? • 偏頭痛預兆通常在數分鐘內逐漸產生,約在15至20分鐘達到頂峰後,約25分鐘消失。 • 依定義,偏頭痛預兆小於一小時。若預兆超過一小時,需小心是否為migraineous infarct。 • 是否曾經歷發燒、倦怠、體重減輕或全身不適? • 這些症狀可能和潛在的感染、發炎或惡性腫瘤有關,可能有進一步檢查的必要

  30. 焦點身體檢查 • Physical examination • T/P/R and BP • Head and neck • Local heat/swelling/erythema • Local tenderness / knocking pain • Eyes injection/ bruit • Neck bruit • Neck stiffness

  31. Neurological examination • Consciousness level / content • Cranial nerves • Pupil size, light reflex, (eye fundus) • EOM limitation • Facial palsy, gag reflex, tongue deviation • Motor system • Muscle power • DTR • Sensory system • Pinprick, light touch • Coordination system • F-N-F / H-K-S test • Gait

  32. III, IV, VI 眼動神經 • 眼皮下垂 ptosis • partial / complete • 眼動是否對稱, 有無雙影 0正常~ -4不動 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  33. 肌力 Muscle Power • 5分: 正常 • 4分: 抗阻力 • 3分: 抗重力 • 2分: 平移 • 1分: 肌肉收縮 • 0分: 不動 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

  34. 肌腱反射 DTR (deep tendon reflex) • Hypo • 0~1 • Low motor neuron lesion • Normal • 2 • Hyper • 3~clonus • Upper motor neuron lesion ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ↓ ↑

  35. 實驗室與診斷檢查 • 血液檢查 • 影像學檢查 • CT or MRI ? • CTA/MRA or conventional angiography ? • 腦脊髓液檢查 • Open / close pressure • CSF appearance • WBC, RBC, total protein, lactic acid, glucose • Culture / antigen identification / PCR

  36. Headache Hygiene Tips (1) • Get Regular Sleep • Go to bed and wake up at regular times each day • Do not sleep excessively on the weekends and too little on the weekdays • Most adults need approximately 6-8 hours of sleep per night • Eat Regular Meals • Low blood sugar can trigger a headache • Eat regular meals three times each day including protein, fruits, vegetables and carbohydrates • Too much sugar may lead to a rapid increase in blood sugar followed by a rapid decline in blood sugar, which can trigger a headache • Get Moderate Amounts of Routine Exercise • Moderate exercise three to five times each week will help reduce stress and keep you physically fit • Too much exercise or inconsistent patterns of exercise may trigger headache

  37. Headache Hygiene Tips (2) • Drink Plenty of Water • A normal adult should drink plenty of water throughout the day • Dehydration may cause headaches • Limit Caffeine, Alcohol and other Drugs • Caffeine is a stimulant and caffeine withdrawal may cause headaches when blood levels of caffeine taper • Alcohol may be a trigger for headaches and alcohol in moderation may reduce the number of headaches • Reduce Stress   • Stress may lead to an increase in headache • Relaxation and stress management may help reduce headaches

  38. Headache - Cases discussion

  39. CASE 1 • 28歲女性 • 主訴: 頭痛三個月 • 現在病史: • 似乎三個月前就開始會頭痛,然後發現次數愈來愈頻繁,也愈痛,尤其最近這兩週較嚴重,甚至胃口不好,吃不下飯。 • 頭痛的部位是整個頭,緊緊脹脹的痛、好像是整圈緊紮的痛,早上睡醒或者好好去睡一覺後,會覺得好一點,經常是越到下午越容易頭痛。但是不曾有半夜痛醒來的經驗。 • 頭痛起來時,並沒有眼前出現閃光,眼睛周圍沒有痛,不會怕光,沒有伴隨嘔吐或噁心,最近視力正常,記憶力也還好。 • 最近沒有感冒、發燒、鼻塞、濃鼻涕,也沒有過敏性鼻炎、鼻竇炎。耳朵也不會痛。手腳活動正常,不會常跌倒 • 最近半年換新工作,因工作還未完全熟悉,且業務量大,常常加班,自覺很辛苦 。 • 身體檢查: • 血壓 136/88 mmHg 心跳 96/min • 意識清醒、記憶正常,神經學檢查一切正常

  40. CASE 2 25 year-old female, no underlying disease • Subacute progressive headache for 2 months • Diffuse, swelling sensation • Cough and defecation worse the headache • Midnight headache, awaking her from sleep • nausea/vomiting while headache • Blurred vision (+) • Body weight loss (+) • Fever (-)

  41. Summary of N.E. & lab • Conscious clear • Neck supple • NE all normal, except papilloedema (OU) • CSF open pressure 310 mmH2O, no cell

  42. Lupus leukoencephalopathy with IICP

  43. 頭暈 Dizziness

  44. 病人主訴Dizziness”頭暈”的意思是…. ? • Vertigo 眩暈 • an illusion of motion • “spinning sensation”, ”whirling” , ”tilting” • likely to indicate an abnormality of the semicircular canals or the central nervous system structures that process signals from the semicircular canals • Nonspecific “dizziness” • “giddy” or “lightheaded” • Disequilibrium • Presyncope

  45. 當病人主訴”頭暈”…. • 40% have peripheral vestibular dysfunction • 25% have other problems, such as presyncope and disequilibrium • 15% have a psychiatric disorder • 10% have a central brainstem vestibular lesion • 10 % remains uncertain in approximately

  46. 區分vertigo和dizziness (1) • Time course • Vertigo is never continuous • Even when the vestibular lesion is permanent, the central nervous system adapts to the defect so that vertigo subsides over several weeks • Provoking factors • Some are precipitated by maneuvers that change head position or middle ear pressure • maneuvers that change head position without lowering blood pressure or decreasing cerebral blood flow is diagnostic • Aggravating factors • All vertigo is made worse by moving the head. • If head motion does not worsen the feeling, it is probably another type of dizziness.

  47. 區分vertigo和dizziness (2) • Associated signs and symptoms  • Nystagmus • is not always readily visible, although it often can be elicited by provocative maneuvers or with electronystagmography. • Postural instability • it is common for patients with vertigo to have difficulty maintaining steady upright posture when walking, standing, and even sitting unsupported, particularly when the symptoms are acute. • Hearing loss • very suggestive of a peripheral cause of vertigo, although their absence does not exclude the diagnosis • Brainstem signs • The presence of additional neurologic signs strongly suggests the presence of a central vestibular lesion.

  48. Peripheral vertigo

More Related