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Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B. What is Hepatitis B ?. Hepatitis B is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B is a stealthy virus that can cause severe liver damage. There is no cure, but drugs can keep the virus in check.

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Hepatitis B

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  1. Hepatitis B

  2. What is Hepatitis B ? • Hepatitis B is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus. • Hepatitis B is a stealthy virus that can cause severe liver damage. • There is no cure, but drugs can keep the virus in check. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  3. The incubation period from the time of exposure to onset of symptoms is 6 weeks to 6 months. • HBV is found in highest concentrations in blood and in lower concentrations in other body fluids (e.g., semen, vaginal secretions, and wound exudates). • It spreads through contact with blood and other body fluids. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  4. Symptoms and Pathogenesis

  5. Incubation period: 45 to 160 days (average: 120 days) • Among persons with chronic HBV infection, the risk for premature death from cirrhosis or hepato-cellular carcinoma is 15%–25%. • Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus remains in a person’s body. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  6. Hepatitis B can be either “acute” or “chronic.” • Acute Hepatitis B virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. Acute infection can (but does not always) to chronic infection. • Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus remains in a person’s body. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  7. Symptoms of acute Hepatitis B, if they appear, can include: • Fever • Fatigue • Loss of appetite • Nausea • Vomiting • Abdominal pain • Dark urine • Clay-colored bowel movements • Joint pain • Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes) Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  8. Chronic infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. • Many people have no symptoms for years. • Chronic Hepatitis B is a serious disease that can result in long-term health problems, including liver damage, liver failure, liver cancer, or even death.

  9. Source : DermNetNZ.org

  10. Epidemiology

  11. About 2 billion people worldwide infected with the virus • About 350 million worldwide live with chronic infection. • An estimated 600,000 persons die each year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B. • About 25% of adults who become chronically infected during childhood later die from liver cancer or cirrhosis caused by the chronic infection. Source WHO

  12. Estimated 43,000 new infections in 2007 • Estimated 1.2 million people with chronic HBV infection • Estimated 3,000 persons in the United States die from HBV-related illness per year. • Approximately 2,000–4,000 people die every year from Hepatitis B-related liver disease. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  13. Figure 3.1. Reported and adjusted* number of acute hepatitis B cases — United States, 1990–2009 *Adjusted for underreporting. Source: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)

  14. Figure 3.3. Incidence of acute hepatitis B, by sex — United States, 1990–2009 Source: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)

  15. Figure 3.6b. Acute hepatitis B reports*, by risk behavior† — United States, 2009 239 Yes 1,278 Injection-drug use 1854 No 42 Missing § Men who have sex with men¶ 182 1814 68 Sexual 875 contact 2428 18 Household 925 contact 2428 284 Multiple 609 sex partners 2478 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Number of cases *A total of 3,371 case reports of hepatitis B were received in 2009. † More than one risk behavior may be indicated on each case report. § No risk data reported. ¶A total of 2,038 hepatitis B cases were reported among males in 2009. Source: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)

  16. Risk factors

  17. HBV is efficiently transmitted by percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to infectious blood or body fluids that contain blood. • The primary risk factors that have been associated with infection among adolescents and adults are unprotected sex with an infected partner, unprotected sex with more than one partner, MSM, history of other STDs, and illegal injecting-drug use. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  18. People can become infected with the virus during activities like: • Birth (spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth) • Sex with an infected partner • Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment • Sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person • Direct contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person • Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp instruments Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  19. Populations at increased risk of HBV infection: • Infants born to infected mothers • Sex partners of infected persons • Sexually active persons not in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship • Men who have sex with men • Injection drug users • Household contacts of persons with chronic HBV infection • Healthcare and public safety workers at risk for occupational exposure to blood or blood-contaminated body fluids • Hemodialysis patients • Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled • Travelers to countries with intermediate or high prevalence of HBV infection Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  20. Prevention

  21. The best way to prevent Hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. • Prevent perinatal HBV transmission • Routine vaccination of all infants • Vaccination of children in high-risk groups • Vaccination of adolescents • All children up through age 18 • Vaccination of adults in high-risk groups Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  22. All children should get their first dose of Hepatitis B vaccine at birth and complete the vaccine series by 6–18 months of age. • All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not yet gotten the vaccine should also be vaccinated. "Catch-up" vaccination is recommended for children and adolescents who were never vaccinated or who did not get the entire vaccine series. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  23. Infants and children: 3 to 4 doses given over a 6- to 18-month period depending on vaccine type and schedule • Adults: 3 doses given over a 6-month period Source CDC, 2011

  24. Treatment

  25. No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive. • Persons with chronic HBV infection should be referred for evaluation to a physician experienced in the management of CLD. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com

  26. Comparison between HIV and HBV

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