The New Frontier :

1. Marshall Breeding Director for Innovative Technology and Research Vanderbilt University Library Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding The New Frontier: Libraries seek new Technology Platforms for and End-user Discovery, Collection Management, and Preservation 11 September 2011 IGeLU

2. Abstract Marshall Breeding will provide his view of the changing landscape of library technologies. Academic, research, and public libraries experience great changes in the nature of their collections and in the expectation of their clientele. Increased involvement in electronic content and decreased emphasis on print collections press demand for tools that break away from traditional library management models and address a broader view of library collections. Libraries likewise face new imperatives to deliver end user interfaces consistent with that experienced elsewhere on the Web and that provide access to the entire span of library collections including print, local digital collections, and subscribed collections of articles, databases and e-books. Many libraries find themselves involved with content areas outside of traditional collections, including needs to manage or archive scientific data sets, and to deliver new types of services in support of research, teaching, or other strategic activities of their parent organizations. Traditional automation tools increasingly fail to meet expectations in this context. Breeding will discuss some of the issues and challenges involved for as new technologies emerge to address the changed realities of libraries today.

3. Library Technology Guides www.librarytechnology.org

4. International Perceptions Survey http://www.librarytechnology.org/perceptions2010.pl

5. ARL Member Libraries http://www.librarytechnology.org/arl.pl

6. Mergers and Acquisitions http://www.librarytechnology.org/automationhistory.pl

7. Library Journal Automation Marketplace • Published annually in April 1 issue • Based on data provided by each vendor • Focused primarily on North America • Context of global library automation market

8. ILS Sales Statistics: total

9. Ex Libris – Personnel Data

10. LJ Automation Marketplace Annual Industry report published in Library Journal: • 2011: New Frontier: battle intensifies to win hearts, minds and tech dollars • 2010: New Models, Core Systems • 2009: Investing in the Future • 2008: Opportunity out of turmoil • 2007: An industry redefined • 2006: Reshuffling the deck • 2005: Gradual evolution • 2004: Migration down, innovation up • 2003: The competition heats up • 2002: Capturing the migrating customer

11. The New Frontier… • new phase of competition following a period of research and development that aimed to provide alternatives to libraries, both in back-end automation and end user discovery. A variety of new solutions have emerged, often representing quite different conceptual models. In a continued trend, librarians seek solutions that immediately improve the experiences of their users, especially via discovery products.

12. Key Context: Academic Libraries in Transition • Shift from Print > Electronic • E-journal transition largely complete • E-books now in play (consultation > reading) • Increasing emphasis on subscribed content, especially articles and databases • Academic libraries seeing long-term declines in print circulation • Need better tools for managing electronic resources • Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections • Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections • Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability

13. Key Context: Technologies in transition • XML / Web services / Service-oriented Architecture • Beyond Web 2.0 • Integration of social computing into core infrastructure • Local computing shifting to cloud platforms • Application Service Provider offerings standard • New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service • Full spectrum of devices • full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile • Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device and interface cycles

14. Key Text: Changed expectations in metadata management • Moving away from individual record-by-record creation • Life cycle of metadata • Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed • Manage metadata in bulk when possible • E-book collections • Highly shared metadata • E-journal knowledge bases, e.g. • Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data • Very little progress in linked data for operational systems • AACR2 > RDA • MARC > RDF?

15. Status Quo Sustainable? • ILS for management of (mostly) print • Duplicative financial systems between library and campus • Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS) • OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to full-text electronic articles • Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.) • Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) • Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections • No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

16. Phase of realignment • Strong need to realign library automation with current library realities • Legacy library systems reinforce workflows no longer in step with library priorities. • Need systems that allow libraries to allocate personnel in proper proportion to collection • Separate automation platforms for print and electronic have not proven successful

17. Academic Library Issues • Greater concern with electronic resources • Management: Need for consolidated approach that balances print, digital, and electronic workflows • Access: discovery interfaces that maximize the value of investments in electronic content

18. Enhance the experience of library patrons Management and access to physical resources Self-service through the Web portal: View current loans, perform holds, renewals, pay fines and fees Self-service in the physical library RFID-based self-issue and returns Helps the library deploy service personnel for highest impact Public Library Issues

19. Larger-scale collections Cultural Heritage responsibilities National services: bibliographic, resource sharing, automation, etc. National infrastructure: technology platforms shared at the widest level National Library Issues

20. Digital preservation • Libraries involved in creating digital libraries need processes and infrastructure for long-term preservation • Open Archival Information Systems (OAIS) defines practices and protocols that need to be embodied in a digital preservation environment • Trusted Digital Repositories: meet standards for preservation appropriate for unique and valuable collections • Digital preservation currently implemented in national, large research, and other well-resourced libraries and archives. • Some institutional projects, some cooperative • Common to have disaster recovery; rare to implement true digital preservation

21. Systems Librarian Column, Sept 2011 “Service-oriented architectures and browser-based interfaces deployed through cloud-based infrastructure stand today as the key technologies preferred for new software development efforts” http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/sep11/Breeding.shtml A Cloudy Forecast for Libraries

22. Major trend in Information Technology Few organizations have core competence in large-scale computer infrastructure management Essentially outsourcing of server housing and management Usually based on a consumption-based business model Most new automation products delivered through some flavor of cloud computing Many flavors to suit business needs: public, private, hybrid Cloud Computing

23. Almost all library automation vendors offer some form of cloud-based services Server management moves from library to Vendor Subscription-based business model Comprehensive annual subscription payment Offsets local server purchase and maintenance Offsets some local technology support Library Automation in the Cloud

24. Vendor hosting of traditional ILS TechnicallyApplication Service Provider though marketed as SaaS Continued reliance on Graphical Clients deployed on each staff workstation that need to be updated and synched Vendor maintains individual instances for each library / site Application Service Provider

25. Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern approach One copy of the code base serves multiple sites Software functionality delivered entirely through Web interfaces No workstation clients Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments Software as a Service

26. SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data models WorldCat: one globally shared copy that serves all libraries Primo Central: central index of articles maintained by Ex Libris shared by all libraries implementing Primo / Primo Central Global Knowledgebase of e-journal holdings shared among all customers of SFX General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows Data as a service

27. Access to hardware provisioned from remote providers Examples: Amazon Elastic Compute (EC2) Cloud and Simple Storage Service (S3) Many library automation vendors use IaaS to deploy their offerings Infrastructure as a Service

28. Rethinking library automation • Fundamental assumption: Print + Electronic + Digital • Traditional print-dominant ILS model not adequate for current and futurelibrary realities • Libraries currently involved with a core ILS surrounded by additional modules to handle electronic content • New discovery layer interfaces replacing or supplementing ILS OPACS • Cloud technologies offer potential for new levels of efficiency and cooperation “It's Time to Break the Mold of the Original ILS” Computers in Libraries Nov/Dec 2007

29. Competing Models of Library Automation • Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS • Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris, • BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se • LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, TOTALS II • Traditional Open Source ILS • Evergreen, Koha • New generation unified resource management • Ex Libris Alma, Kuali OLE, OCLC Web-scale Management Services • Cloud-based automation systems • Ex Libris Alma • OCLC Web-scale: Management Service • Serials Solutions: Web-Scale Management Solution

30. Comprehensive Resource Management • No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials • -- ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model • ++ Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows

31. Open Systems • Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies • Libraries need to do more with their data • Ability to improve customer experience and operational efficiencies • Demand for Interoperability • Open source – full access to internal program of the application • Open API’s – expose programmatic interfaces to data and functionality

32. Policies $$$ Funds BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Legacy LMS Model Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog BusinessLogic DataStores

33. Policies $$$ Funds BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Legacy ILS Model / API ` Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Interfaces Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog BusinessLogic DataStores

34. $$$ Funds Policies BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Legacy ILS Model + protocol Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: InterlibraryLoan System Application Programming Interfaces Protocols: SIP2 NCIPZ39.50OAI-PMH Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog Self-Check

35. $$$ Funds Policies BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Legacy ILS Model / External API Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: ExternalSystems & Services Application Programming Interfaces / Web Services Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog Flexible Interoperability Protocols: SIP2 NCIPZ39.50OAI-PMH

36. New Library Management Model Discovery Service Search: Self-Check /Automated Return Library Management System ` Digital Coll Search Engine Consolidated index ProQuest API Layer StockManagement EBSCO … Enterprise ResourcePlanning Smart Cad / Payment systems JSTOR LearningManagement AuthenticationService Other Resources

37. Possible new term for the successor to the ILS ILS now viewed as print-centric Next Generation systems must serve as platforms to connect external systems as well as to deliver internal functionality Delivered Functionality + library created extensions + interoperability Library Services Platform

38. New models of Library Collection Discovery From local discovery to Web-scale discovery

39. Next-Gen Library Catalogs Marshall Breeding Neal-Schuman Publishers March 2010 Volume 1 of The Tech Set

40. Online Catalog ILS Data Search: Search Results

41. Disjointed approach to information and service delivery • Silos Prevail • Books: Library OPAC (ILS module) • Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections • OpenURL linking services • E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver) • Subject guides (e.g. SpringshareLibGuides) • Local digital collections • ETDs, photos, rich media collections • Metasearch engines • All searched separately

42. Federated Search ILS Data Digital Collections Search: ProQuest Search Results EBSCOhost … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Real-time query and responses

43. Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface • Single search box • Query tools • Did you mean • Type-ahead • Relevance ranked results • Faceted navigation • Enhanced visual displays • Cover art • Summaries, reviews, • Recommendation services

44. Discovery Interface search model ILS Data Digital Collections Search: Local Index ProQuest Search Results EBSCOhost MetaSearch Engine … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Real-time query and responses

45. Discovery Products http://www.librarytechnology.org/discovery.pl

46. Differentiation in Discovery • Products increasingly specialized between public and academic libraries • Public libraries: emphasis on engagement with physical collection • Academic libraries: concern for discovery of heterogeneous material types, especially books + articles + digital objects

47. Discovery from Local to Web-scale • Initial products focused on technology • AquaBrowser, Endeca,Primo, Encore, VuFind, • LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena • Mostly locally-installed software • Current phase focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery • Primo Central (Ex Libris) • Summon (Serials Solutions) • WorldCat Local (OCLC) • EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) • Encore with Article Integration

48. Citations / Metadata > Full Text • Citations or structured metadata provide key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation • Indexing Full-text of content amplifies access • Important to understand depth indexing • Currency, dates covered, full-text or citation • Many other factors

49. Web-scale Index-based Discovery ILS Data Digital Collections Search: ProQuest EBSCOhost Search Results Consolidated Index … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Pre-built harvesting and indexing

50. Challenge for Relevancy Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR Difficult to order records in ways that make sense Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings