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ISA5428: 普及計算 Pervasive Computing: An Overview

ISA5428: 普及計算 Pervasive Computing: An Overview. 金仲達教授 清華大學資訊系統與應用研究所 九十三學年度第一學期 (Some slides are taken from the presentation by Prof. Friedemann Mattern of ETH Zurich). Outline. The Vision -- According to Mark Weiser The Enablers Example Projects Summary.

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ISA5428: 普及計算 Pervasive Computing: An Overview

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  1. ISA5428: 普及計算Pervasive Computing:An Overview 金仲達教授 清華大學資訊系統與應用研究所 九十三學年度第一學期 (Some slides are taken from the presentation by Prof. Friedemann Mattern of ETH Zurich)

  2. Outline • The Vision -- According to Mark Weiser • The Enablers • Example Projects • Summary

  3. Pervasive Computing According to Mark Weiser

  4. Transparencies Are Taken from • Mark Weiser's slides for the keynote speech "Building Invisible Interfaces" given at the User Interface, Systems, and Technologies (UIST) Conference, November, 1994. • Mark Weiser’s slides from the invited talk: "Does Ubiquitous Computing Need Interface Agents? No." given at the MIT Media Lab Symposium on User Interface Agents, October 1992. • M. Weiser’s paper “The Computer for the 21st Century,” Scientific American, Sept. 1991.

  5. Your Personal Experience • Remember the last time you spent several productive hours? • It had some characteristics: • Time passed unnoticed • You were unaware of your surroundings • Consciously you focused on a goal • Unconsciously you drew on tacit skills and knowledge • The situation was very rich with details and nuances that you unconsciously took into account • The things you did not think about – the tacit, the context, the world – made you smart!

  6. A Basic Characteristic of Human • People are most effective and authentic when they are fully engaged, mind and body, in the world • Examples: • Flow of the athlete in the groove • Effortless use of pencil, paper and language when writing • Effortless 65 MPH driving of the experienced driver (while talking, reading road signs, …) • Technologies should enhance this ability to engage, to “flow” with life and work

  7. Invisible Technologies • The most powerful technologies are invisible: they get out of the way to let human be effective • Electricity • Electric motors hidden everywhere (20-30 per car) • Electric sockets in every wall and portably available through batteries • Integrated, invisible infrastructure • Literary technology • Continuously surrounding us at many scales: books, newspapers, street signs, candy wrappers • Used trivially and profoundly • Literally visible, effectively invisible

  8. Good Technology Is Invisible • “Invisible” stays out of the way of task • Like a good pencil stays out of the way of the writing • Like a good car stays out of the way of the driving • Bad technology draws attention to itself, not task • Like a broken, or skipping, or dull pencil • Like a car that needs a tune-up • Computers are mostly not invisible • They dominate interaction with them • Ubiquitous computing is about “invisible computers”

  9. How to Do Invisible Computing? • Integrated computer systems approach • Invisible, everywhere, computing named “ubiquitous computing” in April 1989 • Invisible: tiny, embedded, attachable, … • Everywhere: wireless, dynamically configurable, remote access, adapting, …

  10. Goals of Ubiquitous Computing • Ultimate goal: • Invisible technology • Integration of virtual and physical worlds • Throughout desks, rooms, buildings, and life • Take the data out of information, leaving behind just an enhanced ability to act

  11. Ubicomp Phase I • Phase I • Smart, ubiquitous I/O devices: tabs, pads, and boards • Hundreds of computers per person, but casual, low-intensity use • Many, many “displays”: audio, visual, environmental • Wireless networks • Location-based, context-aware services • Interesting scenarios • Using a computer should be as refreshing as a walk in the woods

  12. Smart Objects • Real world objects are enriched with information processing capabilities • Embedded processors • in everyday objects • small, cheap, lightweight • Communication capability • wired or wireless • spontaneous networking and interaction • Sensors and actuators

  13. Smart Objects (cont.) • Can remember pertinent events • They have a memory • Show context-sensitive behavior • They may have sensors • Location/situation/contextawareness • Are responsive/proactive • Communicate with environment • Networked with other smart objects

  14. Smart Objects (cont.)

  15. Ubiquitous Computing Vision “In the 21st century the technology revolution will move into the everyday, the small and the invisible…” “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabrics of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.” Mark Weiser (1952 –1999), XEROX PARC • Small, cheap, mobile processors and sensors • in almost all everyday objects • on your body (“wearable computing”) • embedded in environment (“ambient intelligence”)

  16. Outline • The Vision -- According to Mark Weiser • The Enablers • Example Projects • Summary

  17. First Enabler: Moore‘s Law • Processing speed and storage capacity double every 18 months • “cheaper, smaller, faster” • Exponential increase • will probably go on for the next 10 years at same rate

  18. Generalized Moore’s Law • Most important technology parameters double every 1–3 years: • computation cycles • memory, magnetic disks • bandwidth • Consequence: • scaling down Problems: • increasing cost • energy

  19. 2nd Enabler: Communication • Bandwidth of single fibers ~10 Gb/s • 2002: ~20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex (often at no cost for laying new cable!) • Powerline • coffee maker “automatically” connected to the Internet • Wireless • mobile phone: GSM, GPRS, 3G • wireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s) • Bluetooth • Room networks, body area networks • Internet-on-a-chip

  20. Ubiquitous Information PAN: Personal area network

  21. Body Area Networks • Very low current (some nA), some kb/s through the human body • Possible applications: • Car recognize driver • Pay when touchingthe door of a bus • Phone configures itselfwhen it is touched

  22. Spontaneous Networking • Objects in an open, distributed, dynamic world find each other and form a transitory community • Devices recognize that they“belong together”

  23. 3rd Enabler: New Materials • Important: whole eras named after materials • e.g., “Stone Age”, “1st generation computers” • More recently: semiconductors, fibers • information and communication technologies • Organic semiconductors • change the external appearance of computers • “Plastic” laser • Opto-electronics, flexible displays,… • ...

  24. Smart Paper, Electronic Ink • Electronic ink • micro capsules, white on one side and black on the other • oriented by electrical field • substrate could be an array of plastic transistors • Potentially high contrast, low energy, flexible • Interactive: writable with magnetic pen

  25. Interactive Map • Foldable and rollable You are here!

  26. Smart Clothing • Conductive textiles and inks • print electrically active patterns directly onto fabrics • Sensors based on fabric • e.g., monitor pulse, blood pressure, body temperature • Invisible collar microphones • Kidswear • game console on the sleeve? • integrated GPS-driven locators? • integrated small cameras (to keep the parents calm)?

  27. Smart Glasses • By 2009, computers will disappear. Visual information will be written directly onto ourretinas by devices inour eyeglasses andcontact lenses-- Raymond Kurzweil

  28. Today’s Wearable Computer ready to ware

  29. Wearable Concept (Motorola)

  30. 4th Enabler: Sensors/Actuators • Miniaturized cameras, microphones,... • Fingerprint sensor • Radio sensors • RFID • Infrared • Location sensors • e.g., GPS • ...

  31. Example: Radio Sensors • No external power supply • energy from theactuation process • piezoelectric andpyroelectric materialstransform changes inpressure or temperatureinto energy • RF signal is transmitted via an antenna (20 m distance) • Applications: temperature surveillance, remote control (e.g., wireless light switch),...

  32. Identify objects from distance small IC with RF-transponder Wireless energy supply ~1m magnetic field (induction) ROM or EEPROM (writeable) ~100 Byte Cost ~$0.1 ... $1 consumable and disposable Flexible tags laminated with paper RFIDs (“Smart Labels”)

  33. Bar Code Reader • PDAs, mobile phones, and wireless Internet appliances become request devices for information • find information • order products • ...

  34. Lego Making Lego Smart: Robot command Explorer (Hitachi H8 CPU, 32KB RAM, IR)

  35. Lego Mindstorms

  36. Putting Them Altogether • Progress in • computing speed • communication bandwidth • material sciences • sensor techniques • computer science concepts • miniaturization • energy and battery • display technologies • ... • Enables new applications • “Post-PC era” business opportunities • Challenges for computer scientists, e.g., infrastructure

  37. Outline • The Vision • The Enablers • Example Projects • Summary

  38. Idea: Making Objects Smart The Smart Its Project • Vision: make everyday objectsas smart, interconnectedinformation artifacts • by attaching “Smart-Its” • Smart labels • Atmel microcontroller:(ETH Zurich)4 MIPS, 128 kB flash

  39. “Smart-Its Friends” • How do we establish that two objects “belong together”? • Hold them together and shake!

  40. “Smart-Its Friends”! • After the shared context has been established, the two devices can open a direct communication link to exchange application-specific data

  41. Idea: Virtual Counterparts Virtual World(Internet, cyberspace) Pure virtualobjects Real World (e.g., every object has a web server)

  42. Ex.: As Artifact Memories • Updates triggered by events • Queries from the real world return memory content • Sensors generate events

  43. Magnifying Glass • An object as a web link • e.g., by displaying a dynamically generated homepage • Contents may dependon circumstances, e.g.,context and privileges • possibly mediated bydifferent name resolvers • HP Cooltown project

  44. CueCat & Its Business Models • Bar code scanner • LED based • Attached to computervia keyboard port • Scanners distributed free • $5-$10 per CueCat • Sends the Web browserdirectly to “right” locationwhen scanning the bar codeof an ad in a magazine

  45. Other Applications • Physical browsing (physical entity as an icon or URL link to web pages) • Physical objects as content repositories (by associating objects with content) • Copy-and-paste in the real world • Objects as communication points (by communicating content between two persons) • Objects as physical representation of virtual state, mixed reality, smart environment

  46. Smart Environment, Dumb Object • A context-sensitive cookbook with RFID RFID

  47. Can be Context-Aware • Properties of the ingredients • Check whether there is enough of an ingredient • Prefer ingredients with earlier best-before date • Properties of the kitchen • Check whether required tools and spices are available • Preferences and abilities of the cook • Prefers Asian dishes • Expert in vegetarian dishes

  48. AT&T Sentient System Timeline-based context storage Location tracking Position monitoring

  49. MIT Oxygen Project

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