Literature: What are we learning?

1. Literature: What are we learning? Language Arts Mrs. Catlett

2. Subject (front side) • Simple subject—is the key noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about. • Compound subject—is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verb. • Who or what is the sentence talking about?

3. Subject (Back side) • Examples • Simple subject • Sarah went to the store. • Compound • Sarah and Susan went to the store.

4. Predicate(front side) • Simple predicate—is the verb or verb phrase that shows the action in the sentence. • Compound predicate—is made up of two or more simple predicates that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. • What is the subject (who or what) doing in the sentence?

5. Predicate (Back side) • Examples • Simple predicate (verb) • Sarah went to the store. • Compound • Sarah ate and showered before school was cancelled.

6. Noun (front side) • Common noun—names a general class of people • Proper noun—specifies a particular person, place, thing, event, or idea. Proper nouns are always capitalized. • Concrete noun—names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the sense. • Abstract noun—names an idea a quality, or a characteristic.

7. Noun (Back side) Concrete noun • Examples • Common noun. • Her aunt took her to the store. • Proper noun • Her aunt took her to visit the Vietnam War Memorial which represents for many a symbol of peace. Abstract noun

8. Verb (front side) • Action verb tells what someone or something is doing. • Transitive verb is followed by a direct object—that answer the question what? Or whom? • Intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what? Or whom? • Linking verbs links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative.

9. Verb (Back side) • Examples • Action verb/transitive/direct object • Adam joggedhome. • Action verb/intransitive • Adam jogged in the direction of his home. Linking verb The trucks were red.

10. Sentences (front side) • Simple sentence—has only one main clause and no subordinating clauses. • Compound sentence—has two or more main clauses. • Complex sentence—has at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. • Compound-Complex Sentence—has two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.

11. Sentences (Back side) • Examples • Simple sentence • The bananas were ready to be picked. • Compound Sentence • Zach studied for his test, and Sarah stayed home sick.

12. Sentences (Back side) • Examples. • Complex Sentence/subordinate clause • Because they did not study for the test, these students are going to fail the test. • Compound-Complex Sentence After a long weekend, Carla and Sarah returned to college, but Sarah was able to sleep in the next day.

13. The Simple Sentence A simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb): I live in San Francisco. Subject Verb

14. Compound Sentence You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by using… - a semicolon - a coordinating conjunction - a transition

15. Compound Sentence A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together. She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs. Independent Clause Independent Clause

16. Using a Semicolon Independent Clause;Independent Clause I love living in the city ; there are so many things to do. Independent Clause Independent Clause

17. Using a Coordinating Conjunction Independent Clause,coordinating conjunctionIndependent Clause He couldn’t watch the show , so he decided to tape it. Independent Clause Independent Clause

18. Coordinating Conjunctions

19. FANBOYS Another way to remember these is… • For  F • And  A • Nor  N • But  B • Or  O • Yet  Y • So  S

20. CAUTION! Do NOT use a comma every time you use the words and, or, but, nor, for, so, yet. Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses. Simple Sentence The necklace was beautiful but expensive. Independent Clause No comma- not an independent clause

21. Click here to see lists of transitions. Using a Transition Independent Clause; transition ,Independent Clause I love San Francisco; however,I hate the traffic. Independent Clause Independent Clause

22. Complex Sentences A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause. John cannot set up his typewriter because the wall has no outlet. Independent Clause Subordinating Conjunction Dependent Clause

23. Example- Complex Sentence A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause. She will go to school in the city until she finds a job. Independent Clause Dependent Clause Subordinating Conjunction

24. Complex Sentences Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence. When I first moved to the city, I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets. Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence. Subordinating Conjunction Independent Clause

25. Common Subordinating Conjunctions(front side) • Subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other. • Example: • We go to the park whenever Mom lets us.

26. Common Subordinating conjunctions(back side) • after although as • as if as long as as soon as • as though because before • if even though in order that • since than though • so that unless until • when whenever where • whereas wherever whether • While

29. Clauses vs. phrases (front side) • A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech. • A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or part of a sentence.

30. Clauses vs. Phrases(back side) • Types of phrases • Prepositional phrase • Verbal phrase • Participle phrase • Appositive phrase • Infinitive phrase • Gerund phrase • Types of clauses • Subordinate clause • Adjective • Adverb • Noun

31. Adjective Phrases • Adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies, or describes, a noun or a pronoun. • Example: The servers at the new restaurant are courteous. (phrase modifies servers)

32. Adverb phrase • Adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. • Example: The servers dress with a flamboyant flair. (modifies dress the verb) • Example: The restaurant is popular with young people.(modifies popular an adjective) • Example: The restaurant opens early in the morning. (modifes early an adverb)

33. Infinitive (phrases) Infinitive is formed with the word to and a word that can act as a verb. Infinitives are often used as nouns. Infinitive phrases are a group of words that includes an infinitive and other words that complete its meaning. Example: To write is Alice’s ambition. To write a great novel was Alice’s ambition.

34. Participle/ Participial phrases Participle is a verb from that can act as the main verb in a verb phrase or as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. Participial phrases are groups of words that includes a participle and other words that complete its meaning.’ Participles end in -ed, --ing, or en Example: His playing skill improves daily.

35. Gerund (phrases) Gerund is a verb from that ends in –ing and is used a a noun. Gerund phrases are groups of words that include a gerund and other words that complete its meaing. Example: Exercising on a bike is fun for all ages.

36. Adjective Clause • An adjective clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies, or describes, a noun or a pronoun in the main clause of a complex sentence. • Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6): who(ever), whose, whom(ever), which(ever), where(ever), when(ever), and that

37. Adjective Clause • Example: The Aqua-Lung, which divers strap on, holds oxygen. Try these: • Road maps, which show roadways, can be fascinating.

38. Adverb Clause • An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) that often modifies the verb in the main clause of a complex sentence. It tells how, when, where, why, or under what conditions the action occurs. • Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions(see next page)

39. Adverb Clause • Example: After we won the meet, we shook hands with our opponents.

40. Noun Clause • A noun clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) used as a noun. It (the clause) can be replaced with a pronoun (it, they, he, she, etc). • Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns (TW6): who(ever), whose, whom(ever), which(ever), where(ever), when(ever), and that • They also begin with how(ever), if, whether, why, what (ever)

41. Literary Elements

42. Plot Graphic Organizer Climax Event(s) after the climax Event(s) leading up to climax Event(s) after the climax Rising Action Event(s) leading up to climax Falling Action Resolution Introduction

43. Allegory:A story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas. For example, in westerns, the sheriff represents the good, and the outlaw represents evil.

44. Alliteration:The repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in “Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.”

45. Allusion:A reference to something or someone often literary. For instance, if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said, “Use the force,” that would be an allusion to Stars Wars. The verb form of allusion is to allude.

46. Antagonist:A major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play.

47. Archetype:A character who represents a certain type of person. For example, Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman.

48. Assonance:The repetition of vowel sounds as in “Days wane away.”

49. Atmosphere:The overall feeling of a work, which is related to tone and mood.

50. Blank verse:Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter. Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse.