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The Transformation of Japan

The Transformation of Japan. 1750-1914. Map of Daimyos. Here. The Tokugawa Shogunate. 1603-1867 Military governors of Japan Centralized feudalism Balanced bureaucracy and samurai. From Tokugawa to Meiji. Crisis and reform in early 19 th C

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The Transformation of Japan

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  1. The Transformation of Japan 1750-1914

  2. Map of Daimyos • Here

  3. The Tokugawa Shogunate • 1603-1867 • Military governors of Japan • Centralized feudalism • Balanced bureaucracy and samurai

  4. From Tokugawa to Meiji • Crisis and reform in early 19th C • Crisis: crop failure, high taxes, rising rice pricesprotests and rebellions • Bakufu tried conservative reforms, resisted • Stressed Japanese culture • Kept abreast of Western science & technology • Some commercial growth, but rural protests • Shortages of funds led to reform movements • Weakened the shogunate • Made Japan vulnerable to external threats

  5. From Tokugawa to Meiji • Foreign pressure to end closed door policy • 1844, British, French, US requests for entry rebuffed • They had demanded for open trade • 1853, Commodore Perry shows up in Tokyo Bay • Japan forced to accept unequal treaties w/ US & the West • 1856 western consuls & open ports • Shogunate (bowed to the west) vs. Dimyos (maintain isolation)both appealed to the emperor

  6. From Tokugawa to Meiji • The end of Tokugawa rule followed these humiliations • Widespread opposition to shogun rule • Dissidents rally around emperor in Kyoto • “Restoration” of the emperor

  7. The Meiji Restoration • Meiji Restoration, 1868 • After brief civil war, armies defeated by dissident militia • Samurai class defeats shogun & restores “imperial” rule • Boy emperor Mutsuhito, or Meiji, regained authority • End of nearly 7 centuries of military rule

  8. Meiji Reforms • Welcomed foreign enterprise • Fukuzawa Yukichi studied western constitutions and education • Ito Hirbumi helped build Japanese constitutional government • Abolition of the feudal order • Daimyo and samurai lost status & privilegesgov’t took over payments to the samurai • Districts restructured to break up feudal domains (no more daimyos) • New conscript army ended samurai power • Rebelled in 1877, but lost

  9. Meiji Reforms • Revamping the tax system • Converted grain taxes into a fixed monetary tax; more reliable state income • Assessed taxes on potential of arable land • Constitutional government, the “gift” to the people, 1889 • Emperor remained supreme limiting the rights of the people • Less than 5% of adult males could vote • The Diet was an opportunity for debate and dissent

  10. Meiji Reforms • Remodeling the economy and infrastructure • Transportation: RR, telegraph, steamships • Education: universal primary & secondary; competitive universities • Industry: privately owned, government controlled arms industry • Zaibatsu: powerful financial cliques • 1894—new nobility class formed; civil service exams issued

  11. Meiji Reforms • Costs of economic development born by Japanese people • Land tax costs peasants 40%-50% of crop yield, provided 90% of state revenue • Peasant uprisings crushed • Labor movement crushed; Meiji law treated unions & strikes as criminal • Industrial power in a single generation • Ended unequal treaties in 1899 • Defeated China in 1895 and Russia in 1904

  12. Industrial Revolution in Japan • Military reforms to modernize army • Lack of capital led to industrialization • Ministry of industryeconomic development • Factories to develop new technologies • Introduction of private enterprise • Selling manufactured goods abroad

  13. Imperial Japan • Resented the unequal treaties of 1860s, vowed to become imperial power • Early expansion to nearby islands • 1870s, to the north: Hokkaido, Kurile islands • 1879, to the south: Okinawa and Ryuku islands • Bought British warships, built up navy, established military academies • 1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at gunpoint • Made plans to invade Japan

  14. Imperial Japan • The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) • Rebellion in Korea: Chinese army sent to restore order, reassert authority • Meiji leaders declared war against China, demolished Chinese fleet • China forced to cede Korea, Taiwan, Pescadores Islands, Liaodong peninsula

  15. Imperial Japan • The Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) • Russia also wanted Liaodong peninsula, Korea, Manchuria • Japanese navy destroyed local Russian forces; Baltic fleet sent as reinforcements • Japan is now a major imperial power

  16. 1600s-1700s—policy of isolation from West. Foreign powers only allowed in 1 trade city mid-1800s—after winning Opium War, Britain forced China to sign unequal treaties, opening more ports to trade. Other nations demand trade 1860s—Britain & France force trade concessions; spheres of influence 1880s-1890s—Open Door Policy, US trading rights; Boxer Rebellion Early 1900s—Qing dynasty fell during Nationalist Revolution 1600s-1700s—policy of isolation from West. Only 1 European trading ship allowed per year mid-1800s—1853, unequal treaties w/ American warships in Tokyo Bay 1860s—In 1868, Japan started modernization, imitating Western technology & reorganizing army & navy on Western models Early 1900s—Japan signed 10-yr treaty of alliance w/ Britain. 1904-1905, won Russo-Japanese War, taking over Manchuria & Korea. Now an imperialistic country. Imperialism in China and Japan

  17. Map with prefectures

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