Globalization I: Age of Empire (1495-1945?) European Imperialisms

1. Globalization I:Age of Empire(1495-1945?)European Imperialisms

2. Military Technology-Political Aspects(NEXT WEEK ECONOMIC) • Inter-European competition, rivalries = new military technologies • sea - gunboat, steam, metal • land - multiple fire rifles, breech-loading cannon, Maxim gun • result: shift in balance of power, numbers no longer key

3. Military “With the bible and the Gatlin gun…” “To my mind the Embu haven’t been sufficiently hammered.”

4. From coastal periphery to interior of Africa, South, Southeast and East Asia • Mode of penetration: overwhelming force to awe into submission

5. MODELS AND STRATEGIES OF IMPERIAL RULE Partial Colonialism vs. Full Colonialism Indirect Rule vs. Direct Rule Cultural conversion -- Christian missions, European education

6. Partial Colonialism Indirect Rule: Co-opt native rulers into colonial administration. Froze local population in “tradition.” No attempts to ‘modernize’. Maintain distinction between colonizers and colonized (segregation)

7. Full Colonialism Direct Rule: European administrators govern ‘native’ peoples. Train ‘natives’ to act as low-level administrators & tax collectors Examples: British East Africa and Southern Africa French West Africa

8. Indigenous Military Units

9. Full colonialism in French W. Africa Laws, French language and education imposed. ‘Assimilation’ -- French citizenship possible.

10. Variation:Settler Colonies(South and Central America, Caribbean, Kenya, Rhodesia, Australia) • Always direct rule • Takeover agricultural land (Kenya, Rhodesia, parts of Indochina) • Convert indigenous population into wage laborers and service class • Taxes

11. CHINA CEYLON SOUTH AFRICA

12. "Civilizing Mission" • SOFT SIDE Of Imperialism • Christian Missions and Churches • Convert through preaching, goodworks, medicine and education • Schools • Train native civil servants

13. Social Darwinism • Hard side of imperialism • Scientific Racism and Survival of the Fittest • Right to rule over "inferior" people

14. Imperialism in China to 1912

15. Assault on the Qing Empire • 1842 and 1942 -- the century of strong foreign commercial and political influence. • Goals • Open China to Western Commercial Penetration • Alter Ch’ing Diplomatic Forms • Method • Warfare (Gunboat Diplomacy) • Military Garrisons • Imposition of Unequal Treaties, Treaty Ports

16. Opium Wars, 1839-1842, 1856-1860 By 1830's, English drug-trafficking had become huge. Opium grown in India, sold illegally in China Profits pay for colonial administration of India + China -- Addiction devastating… 20-30 million addicts Silver to India -- Economic instability in China Crackdown … war Unequal Treaties

17. Treaties -- Treaty Ports: Tiny enclaves of foreign influence and government located in coastal and eastern China, Extraterritoriality --After 1860, foreigners legally free to travel. -- Christian missionaries had the right to work, live, own, or lease property anywhere. -- tariff control, business concessions

18. Foreign Treaty Ports Shanghai

19. Qing Reaction • Westernization • Graft Western Technology onto Chinese Values • Foreign Experts + Technology Limited to Military • Limited Reform of Government and Educational System • Tests -- France, 1884; Japan, 1894-1895 • European spheres of influence: Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia • U.S. ‘Open Door’ Policy

20. Reaction: Boxer Rebellion, 1900 • Popular uprising -- anti-Christian, anti-Western • missionaries killed, siege of legations • “Relief” and Retribution • Settlement destroys legitimacy of Qing • Several decades of disorder, civil war, foreign exploitation • Ends with Communist Revolution of 1949 -- abrogation of treaties, seizure of Western property + eradication of opium

21. Contemporary Memory “Never Forget National Humiliation” Wall Old Summer Palace, destroyed by British 1860

22. Colonialism in Asia to World War II.