Writing Science –IEP 2012

1. Writing Science –IEP 2012 showing your process communicating your results Nancy Lea Eik-Nes Dept. of Language and Communication Studies

2. Contents and Structure paragraphs sentences words spelling . ? “ ” Fra: T. L. Hoel, 1995 Tanke blir tekst:Skrivehjelp for Studentar. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.

3. I M R A D Introduction (CARS) Material and methods Results And Discussion (Swales, 1990)

4. I M R A D ? Title Authors Abstract Key words Introduction (CARS) Material and methods Results And Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements Literature list

5. Titles - tell the reader • The topic of the study • The nature of the study (experiment, survey, case study) • The scope of the study(indicate delimitations)

6. Titles • Causing a stir in welding circles • Preliminary Modeling of the Friction Stir Welding Process

7. A good title • makes your article searchable • makes your article interestingit is the “face” you present • follows the guidelines (constraints – number of words)

8. Headings • highlight the logic of your study • keep the readers on the right track • reflect the contents of each section • provide “signposts” for your reader to navigate through your paper

9. Abstract – two main kinds Indicative abstract Proposal for presentation at conference Review article Informative abstract – summary abstract Research article

10. Abstract – perhaps all the reader sees Summary of the article/report Mini IMRaD Introduction (why, what) Method Results Discussion (implications)

11. Abstract Must be clear/informative enough so that the search engine picks it up the reader can find it the reader can understand what it is about the reader can see if it is worth purchasing

12. Abstract – informative/summary • The abstract must be accurate as a reflection of what is in your report. • The abstract must be self-contained, without abbreviations, footnotes, or incomplete references. • It must make sense on its own.

13. Abstract Summary of the article Mini IMRaD Introduction (why, what) Method Results Discussion (implications)

14. References & Citations Information prominent citation Redundancy exists on two levels: with respect to (a) applied wrenches and (b) joint motions. Problems relating to the former have been fairly well addressed [7, 10] Author prominent citationGoold and Fish (1998) measured the high-frequency signal of a 2120 inch (35L) air-gun array at a distance of 750 m and found high-frequency amplitude levels…. Later, Breitzke et al. (2008) measured the high frequency….

15. Introduction • Rationale – whyis there a problem? • (often with references) • Purpose – whatwhat you offer the reader

16. Headings • highlight the logic of your study • keep the readers on the right track • reflect the contents of each section • provide “signposts” for your reader to navigate through your paper

17. Headings should • reflect the content or structure (“method” “procedure” “models to be tested”) • follow the guidelines generic? author’s choice? (questions or statements or generic headings) • be balanced – not too many, not too few

18. Why use references? • So your reader can find your source • To show respect for those who have helped you • To show that you know your field • To avoid plagiarizing (it’s illegal)

19. When to use references? • When quoting someone else’s text (word for word) • When paraphrasing someone else’s text • When using a term that or expression that is not your own • When you use someone else’s idea It is better to use too many references than not enough

20. Choosing references/sources • The author is recognized in the field • The topic is significant in your work • The writer/publisher is recognized • The web site is reliable (ownership?)

21. References - names As Smith (2001), Wesson (2001), and Williams (2002) demonstrate, the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . . . . As several studies have demonstrated (Smith 2001, Wesson 2001, and Williams 2002), the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with…. http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html

22. Reference – Names (APA) The major difference between IEEE and other styles is that IEEE style encloses citation numbers within the text of a paper in square brackets [1]  rather than as superscripts1  or in bracketed form (Jones, 1998). 
 http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html

23. References - names According to one technical writing expert, even though IEEE is the most difficult style to learn, it is still the most valuable style for aspiring engineers to pick up (Jones, 1998). http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html

24. References - numbers 
According to one technical writing expert, even though IEEE is the most difficult style to learn, it is still the most valuable style for aspiring engineers to pick up1. http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html

25. References - numbers As Smith1, Wesson2, and Williams3 demonstrate, the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . . . . As Smith, Wesson, and Williams demonstrate1,2,3, the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . . . . As demonstrated in several studies1-3, the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . . . . http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html

26. References – IEEE According to one technical writing expert, even though IEEE is the most difficult style to learn, it is still the most valuable style for aspiring engineers to pick up [1]. http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html

27. References - IEEE As [1], [2], and [3] demonstrate, the natural course of microprocessor evolution will likely lead to computers with . . . " According to [2], current Internet technology is still years behind industry projections. . . "  http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~writing/handbook-docum1b.html