Reostus

1. Reostus

2. Living in grey areas: Industrial activity and psychological healthSibila Marques, Maria Luísa Lima2011 The main goal of this paper was to explore the relationship between living in industrial areas and individual’s level of psychological health. Using a quasi-experimental design main findings suggest that, regardless of the type of industry that is operating, there was a significant association between living in industrialized areas and decreased levels of well being, optimism and use of active coping strategies. However, results on anxiety and depression were especially high in areas associated with air pollution. Moreover, there was also a significant association between more subjective meanings of place and psychological health. According to a reality-orientation criterion, evidences showed that when individuals live in industrial areas perceptions of their places as industrial are associated with lower depression, anxiety and psychiatric symptoms.

3. Longitudinal effects of aircraft noise exposure on children's health and cognition: A six-year follow-up of the UK RANCH cohortCharlotte Clark, Jenny Head, Stephen A. Stansfeld2013 • Cross-sectional evidence that environmental noise exposure at school shows negative associations with children's cognition and health has increased, yet longitudinal evidence is lacking. This study examined longitudinal associations of aircraft noise exposure at primary school on children's reading comprehension, noise annoyance, and psychological health at secondary school. This six-year follow-up of 461 children aged 15–16 years, who attended primary and secondary schools around London Heathrow airport, used annual average aircraft noise exposure at the schools from noise contour maps. Multilevel regression modelling showed that aircraft noise exposure at primary school was associated with a significant increase in noise annoyance and with a non-significant decrease in reading comprehension at follow-up. Aircraft noise at primary school was not associated with psychological health at follow-up. This is the first longitudinal study of its type, suggesting that aircraft noise exposure at school might impair reading comprehension, as well as increase noise annoyance in children.

4. Mis jäi lühikokkuvõtte juures arusaamatuks? • Mis on uuringu peamine tulemus või tulemused – mis see tähendab? • Kuidas seda teadmist rakendada selles kohas, kus see probleem ilmnes? • Kuidas seda teadmist rakendada ennetavalt – kohtades, kus see probleem ei ole veel tekkinud, aga võiks tekkida?

5. Pollution is one of the biggest global killers, affecting over 100 million people. That’s comparable to global diseases like malaria and HIV. • Over 1 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water. 5,000 people die each day due to dirty drinking water. • 14 billion pounds of garbage are dumped into the ocean every year. Most of it is plastic. • Over 1 million seabirds and 100,000 sea mammals are killed by pollution every year. • People who live in places with high levels of air pollutants have a 20% higher risk of death from lung cancer than people who live in less-polluted areas.  • The Mississippi River carries an estimated 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen pollution into the Gulf of Mexico each year, creating a “dead zone” in the Gulf each summer about the size of New Jersey. • Approximately 46% of the lakes in America are too polluted for fishing, aquatic life, or swimming. • Americans make up an estimated 5% of the world’s population. However, the U.S. produces an estimated 30% of the world’s waste and uses 25% of the world’s resources. • Each year 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated sewage, stormwater, and industrial waste are dumped into U.S. water. • While children only make up 10% of the world’s population, over 40% of the global burden of disease falls on them. More than 3 million children under age five die annually from environmental factors. • Recycling and composting prevented 85 million tons of material away from being disposed of in 2010, up from 18 million tons in 1980. https://www.dosomething.org/facts/11-facts-about-pollution

6. Reostus • Inimmõju mõistmine keskkonnaprobleemide tekkes • Keskkonnas leiduvate inimtekkeliste ohuallikate varieeruvus • Õhusaaste • süsihappegaas, kasvuhooneefekt; • osoonikiht; osoon kui terviserisk • autod kui saasteallikad – vingugaas, plii • Õhusaastega seotud müüdid • Õhusaaste mõju käitumisele ja sooritusele

7. Did removing lead from petrol spark a decline in crime?Dominic Casciani, BBC • Many Western nations have experienced significant declines in crime in recent decades, but could the removal of lead from petrol explain that? • Working away in his laboratory in 1921, Thomas Midgley wanted to fuel a brighter tomorrow. He created tetraethyl lead - a compound that would make car engines more efficient than ever. • But did the lead that we added to our petrol do something so much worse? Was it the cause of a decades-long crime wave that is only now abating as the poisonous element is removed from our environment? • For most of the 20th Century crime rose and rose and rose. Every time a new home secretary took office in the UK - or their equivalents in justice and interior ministries elsewhere - officials would show them graphs and mumble apologetically that there was nothing they could do to stop crime rising. • Then, about 20 years ago, the trend reversed - and all the broad measures of key crimes have been falling ever since. • Thomas Midgley, creator of tetraethyl lead • Offending has fallen in nations whose governments have implemented completely different policies to their neighbours. • If your nation locks up more criminals than the average, crime has fallen. If it locks up fewer... crime has fallen. Nobody seems to know for sure why. • But there are some people that believe the removal of lead from petrol was a key factor. • Lead can be absorbed into bones, teeth and blood. It causes kidney damage, inhibits body growth, causes abdominal pain, anaemia and can damage the nervous system. More than a century ago, a royal commission recommended to British ministers that women shouldn't work in lead-related industry because of damage to their reproductive organs. • By the 1970s, studies showed that children could even be poisoned by chewing fingernails harbouring tiny flecks of old leaded paint from their homes and schools. • Studies have shown that exposure to lead during pregnancy reduces the head circumference of infants. In children and adults, it causes headaches, inhibits IQ and can lead to aggressive or dysfunctional behaviour. • If you want to understand the causes of crime - and be tough on them - you need to start with lead, says Dr Bernard Gesch, a physiologist at Oxford University who has studied the effect of diet and other environmental factors on criminals. • "Lead is a very potent neurotoxin," says Gesch. "It has a range of effects on the brain that have been demonstrated through hundreds of different biological studies. Lead alters the formation of the brain. It reduces the grey matter in areas responsible for things such as impulse control and executive functioning - meaning thinking and planning." • In other words - lead poisoning leads to bad decisions. The lead theorists say the poison has a time-lag effect which could not be understood until recently. • In the early 1990s, economist and housing consultant Rick Nevin was pondering whether it would be worth the US spending vast sums cleaning leaded paint out of old housing in American cities. By then, everyone knew that lead did bad stuff to the brain and took years to leave the body. • And that got Nevin thinking. Would the accumulation of lead over time play a role in behaviour that would ultimately become criminal? Nevin calculated the rise and fall of the presence of lead from petrol and he compared that curve to the modern history of violent crime. What he came up with was rather startling. • When the amount of lead in the environment increased, Nevin showed a corresponding rise in violent crime two decades later. And when the amount of lead in the environment fell, violent crime also tracked down - again about 20 years later. • Was this a one-off, freak statistical result? Where was the proof that lead had actually caused crime? • Fourteen years ago, Prof Jessica Wolpaw-Reyes, an economist at Amherst College Massachusetts, was pregnant and doing what many expectant mothers do - learning about the risks to her unborn child's health. She started to read up on lead in the environment and, like Nevin before her, began pondering its link to crime. • "Everyone was trying to understand why crime was going down," she recalls. "So I wanted to test if there was a causal link between lead and violent crime and the way I did that was to look at the removal of leaded petrol from US states in the 1970s, to see if that could be linked to patterns of crime reduction in the 1990s." • Wolpaw-Reyes gathered lead data from each state, including figures for gasoline sales. She plotted the crime rates in each area and then used common statistical techniques to exclude other factors that could cause crime. Her results backed the lead-crime hypothesis. • "There is a substantial causal relationship," she says. "I can see it in the state-to-state variations. States that experienced particularly early or particularly sharp declines in lead experienced particularly early or particularly sharp declines in violent crime 20 years later." • She says her research also established different levels of crime in states with high and low lead rates. • Nevin's original research pointed to lead poisoning in childhood increasing the likelihood of offending by the time someone had reached their teens or early twenties. Wolpaw-Reyes' data appeared to show that anti-pollution legislation in the US then reversed that trend on a state-by-state basis. • "Lead changes who we are," she says. "If you wanted to say, Jessica, I don't believe that story, then my answer is that you need to come up with another story that would explain why we have found this particular pattern to lead in the 1970s and 80s and then crime in the 1990s and 2000s. • "Moreover you need to be able to show why this relationship is now coming up in other work on bullying, child behaviour problems, teenage delinquency, suicide and substance abuse. You need to tell a story about why those would be linked by chance." • Since then, the data for the lead theorists has become more and more detailed. Nevin and his supporters predicted that crime would fall in other nations 20 years after the banning of leaded petrol - and their theory appears to have played out in Europe. • Leaded petrol was removed from British engines later than in North America - and the crime rate in the UK began to fall later than in the US and Canada. • Lead theorists say that data they've collated and calculated from each nation shows the same 20-year trend - the sooner lead is removed from the environment, the sooner crime will begin to fall. • Dr Bernard Gesch says the data now suggests that lead could account for as much as 90% of the changing crime rate during the 20th Century across all of the world. • "A lot of people would say that correlation isn't cause," he says. "But it seems that the more the exposure, the more extreme the behaviour. I'm certainly not saying that lead is the only explanation why crime is falling - but it is certainly the most persuasive. Unless someone is telling us that the brain is not involved in decision-making then lead has to be relevant to crime." • So why isn't this theory universally accepted? • Well, it remains a theory because nobody could ever deliberately poison thousands of children to see whether they became criminals later in life. • Lead theorists say that doesn't matter because the big problem is mainstream criminologists and policymakers who can't think outside the box. • But Roger Matthews, professor of criminology at the University of Kent, rejects that. He says biological criminologists completely miss the point. • "I don't see the link," he says. "If this causes some sort of effect, why should those effects be criminal? • "The things that push people into crime are very different kinds of phenomena, not in the nature of their brain tissue. The problem about the theory is that a lot of these [researchers] are not remotely interested or cued into the kinds of things in the mainstream. • "There has been a long history of people trying to link biology to crime - that some people have their eyes too close together, or an extra chromosome, or whatever. • "This stuff gets disproved and disproved. But it keeps popping up. It's like a bad penny." • Gesch disagrees and says the debate among biologists is now moving further, to look at how improving nutrition could affect antisocial behaviour. • "One of the problems with criminal justice data is that very few of the factors are good at predicting rates of crime. But lead is." • Wolpaw-Reyes says the data is now so good that she is finding that police and policymakers in the US are taking it more seriously. • "I don't think lead is the whole story but given the broad worldwide exposure and the evidence that we have of how adversely lead can affect behaviour, it makes sense that lead is an important part of the story. All of us born in the 60s and 70s were exposed to high levels of lead - but we are not all violent criminals. • "But if you had to guess if someone was going to commit a crime I would think that their childhood lead exposure would be helpful to me in making a guess. But it is not going to be a certainty."

10. Tööstuslikud saasteained • elektrienergia tootmine • toksilised metallid • Õhu kvaliteet: siseruumid • asbest, radoon, formaldehüüd, sigarisuits; tolmulestad, seened, bakterid; lateks • Mürasaaste töökeskonnas • üle 75 dB – püsivate kuulmiskahjustuste oht • muutus kuulmisvõimes märkamatu, ent pöördumatu • kahjustunud kuulmisel on tendents jätkuvalt halveneda • vererõhu tõus; neuroloogilised häired

11. http://www.tallinnapostimees.ee/1202218/tallinna-murarikkaimad-ristmikud-asuvad-kristiines-ja-mustamael/http://www.tallinnapostimees.ee/1202218/tallinna-murarikkaimad-ristmikud-asuvad-kristiines-ja-mustamael/

12. Palast der Republik, Berliin, 1977

13. ...2007 (leia kümme erinevust)

15. Vee kvaliteet • happevihmad; tööstuse mõju looduskeskkonnale, mitmesuguste liikide hävimine • ohtlikud ja muud jäätmed – jõed, järved, ookeanid • Muud kemikaalid • kantserogeensus • probleem: latentsus • antibiootikumid • Maa • ohtlike jäätmete ladustamine -> veevarude reostus • Toit - plii; kofeiin; toidulisandid • Võõrliigid - eksootilised taime- ja loomaliigid (aasia mangust, võilill, norra rott, sosnovski karuputk, kuldnokk, ogamalts, florida merihunt...)

16. Jääkreostuskolded Eestis (joonis ~2003; kuidas praegu on?)

17. aasia mangust sosnovski karuputk

18. Psychological factors in discounting negative impacts of nuclear wasteCorinne Moser,Michael Stauffacher, Timo Smieszek, Roman Seidl,Pius Krütlia, Roland W. Scholz2013 The aim of this paper is to examine discounting of negative consequences of nuclear waste from both content-related and methodological perspectives. To test whether discounting depends on the issue at hand, we compare discounting judgments between nuclear and hazardous wastes. Further, we investigate psychological factors underlying discounting. From a methodological perspective, we investigate participants' sensitivity to extensive timescales. Data from an online experiment (N = 314) reveal two psychological discounting factors: The more participants belief that societies will be able to adapt to future challenges, the stronger they discounted negative future consequences. The more emotionally involved participants feel about the future the less they discounted. Seriousness judgments were higher for the issue of nuclear than for hazardous waste. The results also indicate that participants are sensitive to different extensive timescales. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research on discounting of negative long-term impacts of technologies.

19. Personality, individual differences, and demographic antecedents of self-reported household waste management behavioursViren Swami,Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, Rosemary Snelgar,Adrian Furnham2011 The present study sought to extend recent conceptual frameworks of waste management behaviours by examining personality, individual differences, and socio-demographic antecedents of self-reported waste recycling, reuse, and reduction behaviours. A total of 203 participants from a British community sample completed a questionnaire consisting of measures of their self-reported waste management behaviour, Machiavellianism, political cynicism, the Big Five personality traits, and socio-demographics. The results of structural equation modelling showed that individuals who were less Machiavellian, less politically cynical, older, and more conscientious were more likely to report positive waste management behaviours. In combination, these predictors explained 22.0% of the variance in waste management behaviours. Thus, these variables may improve the predictive validity of existing conceptual models of waste management behaviours. The results are discussed in relation to those models.

20. Ise on ka tore lugeda: http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.tlu.ee/science/article/pii/S0272494411000028