Unit 2 - Organization of Life

1. Unit 2 -Organization of Life BI30 – OL1 Investigate cell structures and processes, including energy transfer and transport of materials, in unicellular and multicellular organisms which are representative of each kingdom.

2. How do organisms move (come up with at least 3)? Do plants move?

3. How do organisms move (come up with at least 3)? • Bipedal movement (walking women) • Flying pheasants • Swimmin` seahorses • Sluggin’ slugs • Snake slither • Jumping/hopping • Wiggling worms • Gallops giraffes Do plants move?

4. How do organisms move (come up with at least 3)? • Float • Crawl • Fly • Jet Propulsion • Swim • Walking/Run – Bipedal movement • Slither • Jump/hop Do plants move?

5. How do organisms move? • Host to host transfer (via fluid, bloodstream, ingestion) • Wind – dispersal of seeds Pseudopods • Legs – bipedal/quadrupedal movement Rolling - • Flight – wings Hopping/Jumping • Glide Climbing/swinging • Swim/Jet Propulsion Cilia • Float Flagella • Slitherin’ Tide

6. How do organisms reproduce? • Sexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction (budding, fragmentation, spores) • Replication (viruses)

7. How do organisms reproduce? • Asexual – binary fission, fragmentation, budding • Sexual – pollination (Seeds), intercourse • Hermaphroditic – multi-sexual organisms – Marlin should be a girl (clownfish – hierarchy in which next up male becomes female). - Human-connection • Seahorse birth (mildly unsettling)

8. How do organisms acquire energy? • Photosynthesis (autotrophs) • Consumption of organic matter (heterotrophs) Omnivorous (plants, animals, fungus)Herbivorous (plants)Carnivorous (animals) • Chemosynthesis (conversion of molecules from hydrothermal vents into energy)

9. How do organisms acquire energy? • Ingesting organisms or organic matter (living or dead) and breaking them down with enzymes. Enzymes inside organism break down nutrients. (heterotroph) • Excreting enzymes and absorbing digested nutrients. (heterotroph) • Photosynthesis – using light to make (energy). Converting solar energy into sugars. (Autotroph) • Chemosynthesis – using chemicals to make energy (bacteria) - (Autotroph) • Rest/Sleep may conserve energy.

10. How do organisms respond to stimuli? • Touch (pain receptors, heat receptors) • Flinch • Sight (interpretation of light) • Hearing • Smell • Taste • Spatial sense (coordination/orientation) • Phototropism/photoperiodism

11. How do organisms respond to stimuli? • Temperature sensing • Sensing light (eyes) • Sound • Smelling • Taste • Touch • Echolocation • Chemical-sensing

12. How might each of these big questions connect to evolution? • How does sound look/work for a fish versus a leopard? Why? • How do chimps interact with one another versus how humans interact with one another?

13. How might each of these big questions connect to evolution? • How does sound look/work for a fish versus a leopard? Why?Different organisms have different adaptations for similar functions depending on the environment in which they live. • How do chimps interact with one another versus how humans interact with one another?Many behaviours are similar between species including communications and societal organization.

14. Classification – Tree of Life ExplorerYou may want a Chromebook to access this. • We talked about cladograms… which are? • Organisms are classified based on similarities between… • And why is classification important again?

15. Classification – Tree of Life ExplorerYou may want a Chromebook to access this. • We talked about cladograms… which are?Visuals that help us represent evolutionary ancestry and relatedness between species. • Organisms are classified based on similarities between their genetics, anatomy, time of existence, etc. All those pieces of evidence help paint a picture of organismal ancestry. • And why is classification important again? Organization of life helps us make sense of life but also can provide us with inferences that apply to environmental stewardship, health care, and biotechnology as a whole.

16. Three Domains of Life • ________ - Eukaryotes • ________ - Prokaryotes • ________ – Prokaryotes • ** ________ ________(can’t self-________, however, some large viruses do have some genes that are responsible for the replication of some proteins independently).**Not a widely accepted domain**

17. Three Domains of Life • Eukarya - Eukaryotes • Archaea - Prokaryotes • Bacteria – Prokaryotes • **Non-cellular life (can’t self replicate, however, some large viruses do have some genes that are responsible for the replication of some proteins independently).**Not a widely accepted domain** Didn’t always have domains, but RNA evidence helped paint this picture which required further division of organisms and their ancestry.

18. Six Kingdoms of Life (Three Domains) • __________ - single-celled eukaryotes • __________ - multicellular eukaryotes • ________ - multicellular eukaryotes • ________ – uni/multicellular eukaryotes • __________ bacteria - prokaryotes • ____bacteria - prokaryotes MulticellularUnicellular

19. Six Kingdoms of Life (Three Domains) Multicellular = composed of more than one cellUnicellular = composed of only one cell (note, some of these exist in colonies though at times and specialize) • Protista - single-celled eukaryotes • Animals - multicellular eukaryotes • Plants - multicellular eukaryotes • Fungi – uni/multicellular eukaryotes • Archaebacteria - prokaryotes • Eubacteria - prokaryotes

20. Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic • A ______________ cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. • A ___________ cell/organism does not.

21. Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic • A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. • A prokaryotic cell does not.

22. Looking at Kingdoms Assignment • Compare you answer with that of your classmates and attempt to create a justification or criteria to differentiate one Kingdom from another given the characteristics of the organism you found. Create a chart as a group of significant characteristics that you think apply to the entire kingdom (there may be pictures in the class that will help you). • Autotrophic/Heterotrophic? • Eukaryotic/prokaryotic? • Reproduction? You should get three characteristics of each kingdom (there may be some overlap of characteristics between this and others).

23. Kingdom Animalia • Most organisms utilize sexual reproduction (some can do asexual, but all do sexual). • Motile – • Eukaryotic! • Multicellular!

24. Kingdom Animalia • Most organisms utilize sexual reproduction (some can do asexual, but all do sexual). • Heterotrophic! • Motile – movement! • Cells lack cell walls. • Eukaryotic! • Multicellular!

25. Kingdom Fungi (Cordyceps) • Asexual/sexual (but usually asexual) • Typically found in ______ and ______ environments. • Unicellular and multicellular (mostly multi)

26. Kingdom Fungi • Asexual/sexual (but usually asexual) • Eukaryotic • Typically found in dark and moist environments. • Heterotrophic • Unicellular and multicellular (mostly multi)

27. Kingdom Plantae • ______________  ______________ • ______________ and all ______________ • Eukaryotic • _________ ______________ • Multicellular. • Cells have _______ ________Likely descended from algae!

28. Kingdom Plantae • Autotrophic  Photosynthetic • Asexually and all sexually • Eukaryotic • No/minimal movement. • Multicellular. • Cells have cell walls. • Likely descended from algae!

29. Kingdom Eubacteria • _____________ • Asexual reproduction(Genetic Recombination) - _____________ - __________ - ______________ • _____________/_____________ • Unicellular • Classified based on _____________and how they react to _____________ (which is a dye, depending on their cell wall composition they either hold or lose the dye (pink or purple).

30. Kingdom Eubacteria • Prokaryotic • Asexual reproduction(Genetic Recombination) - Transduction - Conjugation - Transformation • Heterotrophic/Autotrophic • Unicellular • Classified based on shapes and how they react to gram staining (which is a dye, depending on their cell wall composition they either hold or lose the dye (pink or purple).

31. Kingdom Eubacteria - Transduction - - Conjugation -- Transformation – - Binary fission –

32. Kingdom Eubacteria - Transduction - is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus.- Conjugation -process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.- Transformation – bacteria transform “dead” DNA outside the cell into something it uses. - Binary fission – (like mitosis for bacterial cells).

33. Kingdom Protista Overlap between Bacteria and Protista (endosymbiotic theory) • Heterotrophic (most of them) • ___________ – but some can utilize sexual reproduction through conjugation. • ___________ • Most live in ___________ environments • Some have ___________ that have cellulose (like plants) • Includes ___________! • Single-celled (some live in colonies, filaments)

34. Kingdom Protista Overlap between Bacteria and Protista (endosymbiotic theory) • Heterotrophic (most of them) • Asexual – but some can utilize sexual reproduction through conjugation. • Eukaryotic • Most live in aquatic environments • Some have cell walls that have cellulose (like plants) • Includes algae! • Single-celled (some live in colonies, filaments)

35. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Autotrophic/Heterotrophic • ___________ • Asexual • Cell wells do not have ___________ (some bacteria do, some don’t - what might we infer about ancestry?) • Unicellular • Live in ___________ environments are classified thusly.

36. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Autotrophic/Heterotrophic • Prokaryotic • Asexual • Cell wells do not have Peptidoglycan (some bacteria do, some don’t - what might we infer about ancestry?). • Unicellular • Live in extreme environments are classified thusly

37. Archaebacteria Adaptations for Extremes • Halophile – • Thermophiles – HS20 Review – enzymes are composed of _________. At high temps, enzymes can ________. • Methanogens –

38. Archaebacteria Adaptations for Extremes • Halophile – use a means to prevent water loss to salty environments (osmosis) by increasing the concentration of solutes in its cytoplasm. OR they have salt-resistant “organelles”. • Thermophiles – have enzymes that can function at high temperatures. Many use sulfur rather than oxygen.HS20 Review – enzymes are composed of proteins. At high temps, enzymes can denature. • Methanogens – Methane is responsible for farts. Methanogens basically use what most life doesn’t for its energy processing – no oxygen (they use methane).

39. Movement of Protists! Come up with a visual example of how these organisms move (preferably standing up and moving) • ___________ (Amoeba) • ___________ (Paramecium) • ___________ (Euglena) • All of these are ___________ but ___________!

40. Movement of Protists! Come up with a visual example of how these organisms move (preferably standing up and moving) • Pseudopods (Amoeba) • Cilia (Paramecium) • Flagella (Euglena) • All of these are eukaryotic but unicellular!

41. Amoeba • Pseudopods! • Extend their ectoplasm for movement • Amoeba in motion, How they eat

42. Paramecium • Movement using Cilia! • Microscope!Or this one!

43. Euglena • Euglena movement • Flagella structure/function

44. Cell Wall Composition • Chitin • Cellulose • Peptidoglycan • Look up “Cell Wall <select one of the above>” and draw out a simple structure of how it would look. • Then follow up with what Kingdom(s) it is dominantly found in.

45. Chitin • Found in Fungus’ and some Animals (Insects)

46. Cellulose Cellulose! In Plant cells and some Protists!

47. Peptidoglycan Characteristic of certain cell walls of bacteria! Gram staining is a technique that tells us what type of cell wall it has!

48. Why do cell wall components matter? • Think in the context of evolution – what is the significance of identifying similar cell wall components? • How might similar biological components apply to life beyond earth? • Environmental Science Connection (Ocean Acidification).

49. Animal and Plant Cells! • Colour an animal cell and a plant cell! List and describe at least 10 structures for each! Each partner at a table can colour one. • You mustinclude (if applicable): Ribosomes, Cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm, cytosol, cytoskeleton, peroxisome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), golgi apparatus, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, stroma, thylakoid • Look under the microscopes at each – draw what you see under each of the first three magnifications.

50. Animal Cell