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Commas #2

Commas #2. Please don’t worry about the grammatical terminology. Just learn the rules from the examples. Obligatory Rule #4. Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined by and . Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives.

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Commas #2

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  1. Commas #2 Please don’t worry about the grammatical terminology. Just learn the rules from the examples.

  2. Obligatory Rule #4 • Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined by and. Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives. • Adjectives are coordinate if they can be joined with and. • Two or more adjectives that do not modify the noun separately are cumulative.

  3. Use a comma with coordinate adjectives. • Roberto is a warm, gentle, affectionate father. • These are coordinate adjectives because you could also write “warm and gentle and affectionate father.”

  4. Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives. • Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us. • Beginning with the adjective closest to the noun shapes, these modifiers lean on one another, piggyback style, with each modifying a larger word group. Gray modifies shapes, large modifies gray shapes, and three modifies large gray shapes. Cumulative adjectives cannot be joined with and (three and large and gray shapes).

  5. Examples COORDINATE ADJECTIVES • Patients with severe, irreversible brain damage should not be put on life support systems. CUMULATIVE ADJECTIVES • Ira ordered a rich chocolate layer cake.

  6. Obligatory Rule #5 • Use commas to set off nonrestrictive elements. Do not use commas to set off restrictive elements. • Word groups describing nouns or pronouns (adjective clauses, adjective phrases, and appositives) are restrictive or nonrestrictive. A restrictive element defines or limits the meaning of the word it modifies and is therefore essential to the meaning of the sentence. Because it contains essential information, a restrictive element is not set off with commas.

  7. Examples RESTRICTIVE • For camp the children need clothes that are washable. NONRESTRICTIVE • For camp the children need sturdy shoes, which are expensive.

  8. More Examples • The dessert made with fresh raspberries was delicious. • The dessert, made with fresh raspberries, was delicious.

  9. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjectival Clauses • Ed’s house, which is located on thirteen acres, was furnished with bats in the rafters and mice in the kitchen. • Ramona’s cat that just had kittens became defensive around the other cats in the house.

  10. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjectival Phrases NONRESTRICTIVE PHRASE • The helicopter, with its million-candlepower spotlight illuminating the area, circled above. RESTRICTIVE PHRASE • One corner of the attic was filled with newspapers dating from the turn of the century.

  11. Appositives • An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a nearby noun. Nonrestrictive appositives are set off with commas; restrictive appositives are not.

  12. Examples NONRESTRICTIVE APPOSITIVE • Darwin’s most important book, On the Origin of Species, was the result of many years of research. RESTRICTIVE APPOSITIVE • The song “Vertigo” was blasted out of huge amplifiers.

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