Dutch War of Independence 1568 - 1648

1. Dutch War of Independence 1568 - 1648 Presented by: Christina Perricone, Betsy Lucas, LiAnn Linck, Chris Immen, Nick Gioia, Ricky Manz, and John Raneri

2. Historical Background • Spain becomes world power • Netherlands was the richest area in all of Europe (center of trade) • Charles V granted Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands a separate entity with Transaction of Augsburg.

3. MAJOR CAUSES • Emperor Charles V was succeeded by his two sons Philip II (Spain and Netherlands) and Ferdinand (Austria, Hungary, imperial title.) • Church Reform of the Netherlands (Catholicism – Calvinism/Protestantism) • Location-The Netherlands were extremely far away from their central government located in Spain. • Forced conformity on the Netherlands which were disposed to variety and toleration.

4. THE WAR: PHILIP VS. WILLIAM PHILIP II King of Spain Hard Core Catholic Conformity and unification Control over Netherlands WILLIAM OF ORANGE Leader of Netherlands opposition Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist Independence from Spain

5. The War: The Beginning • William of Orange and Count of Egmont led a opposition against the Spanish overlords. • When Cardinal Granvelle ignored this opposition and continued with his plan, he was removed from office. • The Compromise • German Lutherans and French Huguenots joined the Netherlands in a full blown rebellion (after Regent Margaret’s govt. called Protestants “beggars”)

6. THE WAR: The Duke of Alba • The Duke was a regent of Philip II. • Sent to the Netherlands to persecute Protestants. • Started the Council of Troubles (Council of Blood). • Imposed the Spanish alcabala (tenth penny). • Gave up power to Don Luis de Requesens. • Even more hated than Cardinal Granvelle.

7. THE WAR: Spain Loses Power • William of Orange came out of exile to lead revolt. • Queen Elizabeth refused to admit the “Sea Beggars” into her port. • They seized Brill and Flushing out of desperation. • Regarded as real beginning of Dutch independence. • Spanish Fury (7,000 people killed)

8. Spain Loses Power (cont.) Southern and northern provinces united and formed the Pacification of Ghent. Union of Brussels Don John was defeated and forced to sign Perpetual Edict. Painting of The Sea Beggars At a port in Leiden in the Netherlands coming into The city on their flat Bottomed barges.

9. THE WAR: Spain Fights Back Formation of Unions of Arras and Utrecht. William of Orange declared an outlaw. Speech to Estates General of Holland, known as The Apology. July 22, 1581, Union of Utrecht formally declared Philip no longer their ruler. Brief reign of the French Duke of Alençon. Assassination of William of Orange (1584).

10. THE WAR: Independence from Spain Defeat of Philip II, Spanish Armada. Spanish preoccupation with England and France made Spain weaker. All Spanish soldiers were out by 1593. In 1596 independence was recognized by France and England. Twelve Years Truce 1609. Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

11. “The Dairy Cow” 1580-95 Elizabeth of England is feeding her. Philip of Spain is attempting to ride her. William of Orange is trying to milk her. The King of France holds her tail.

12. EFFECTS OF THE WAR • Dutch Golden Age. • Dutch Republic became world power and Southern Netherlands lost all significance. • Became a republic (with Stadtholder). • Spanish empire started to decline. • Challenged the concept of the divine right of kings.

13. HISTORICAL IMPACT Maurice had the first professional standing army. Started the eventual separation between north and south (Netherlands/Belgium). Precursor to English Civil War and French Revolution. Predecessor to liberalism in modern day governments.