Diagnostic Radiology III Definitions

1. Diagnostic Radiology III Definitions Presented by M.A. Kaeser, DC Winter 2010

2. Air-fluid Level Air-fluid level in the retrocardiac area Air-fluid level (arrow) in the maxillary sinus suggests sinusitis http://openradiology.org http://img.medscape.com

3. Avulsion • Tearing away • A nerve can be avulsed by an injury, as can part of a bone. www.medterms.com

4. Azygos Lobe • A small accessory lobe sometimes found on the upper part of the right lung • Separated from the rest of the upper lobe by a deep groove lodging the azygos vein • Little clinical significance • 1% of population http://www.ajronline.org

5. Ball-valve • The intermittent obstruction caused by a free or partially attached foreign body in a tubular or cavitary structure, as by a foreign body in a bronchus, a stone in a bile duct, or a tumor in the cardiac atrium Calculi obstructing the cystic duct (A), common hepatic duct (B), and common bile duct (C) . http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com

6. Basilar Invagination • Basilar invagination occurs when the top of the second vertebrae moves upward • It can cause the opening in the skull where the spinal cord passes through to the brain (the foramen magnum) to close • It also may press on the lower brainstem www.csmc.edu www.learningradiology.com Osteoporosis circumscripta of frontal bone is lytic phase of Paget's disease

7. Bulla • A fluid-filled blister more than 5 mm (about 3/16 inch) in diameter with thin walls • In Latin a bulla was a "bubble, stud or knob." It referred to any rounded protrusion, particularly one that was hollow or cystic www.medterms.com

8. Carina • A downward and backward projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage, forming a ridge between the openings of the right and left principal bronchi medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com http://doreen.mkbmemorial.com/NF/photos/Pulmonary_Diagram.png

9. Choroid Plexus • Produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is found within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. www.sci.uidaho.edu/med532/choroid.htm

10. Clivus • A bony surface in the posterior cranial fossa sloping upward from the foramen magnum to the dorsum sellae medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Clivus http://www.info-radiologie. ch/scanner_sinus/fullsize/fullsize/fullsize /sinus_sagittal_5_fscopie_fs.jpg

11. Comminution • A fracture in which bone is broken, splintered or crushed into a number of pieces (more than 2) www.medterms.com

12. Craniosynostosis • Craniosynostosis consists of premature fusion of 1 or more cranial sutures, often resulting in an abnormal head shape • It may result from a primary defect of ossification (primary craniosynostosis) or, more commonly, from a failure of brain growth (secondary craniosynostosis) • Simple craniosynostosis is a term used when only 1 suture fuses prematurely • Complex or compound craniosynostosis is used to describe premature fusion of multiple sutures emedicine.medscape.com

13. Diastasis • Dislocation or separation of two normally attached bones between which there is no true joint • Separation beyond the normal between associated bones, as between the ribs www.medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com

14. Discogenic Spondylosis • Discogenic spondylosis consists of degeneration of the apophyseal joints and intervertebral disc joints with or without neurologic signs www.chiroweb.com

15. Dislocation • The displacement of any part of the body from its normal position, particularly a bone from its normal articulation with a joint medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com

16. Epiphyseal SCFE www.seattlechildrens.org www.eorthopod.com

17. Granuloma • A chronic inflammatory lesion most commonly caused by histoplasmosis, a fungal infection • Granulomas most often occur in the lungs • They may resolve spontaneously, remain static, become gangrenous, spread, or act as a focus of infection http://nrmedical.biz/yahoo_site_ admin/assets/images/cal_granuloma .8053128.jpg http://medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary.com/granuloma

18. Greenstick Fracture • A fracture in which one side of a bone is broken while the other is bent (like a green stick) http://www.medcyclopaedia.com

19. Hallux Valgus • Hallux valgus is considered to be a medial deviation of the first metatarsal and lateral deviation and/or rotation of the hallux, with or without medial soft-tissue enlargement of the first metatarsal head • This condition can lead to painful motion of the joint or difficulty with footwear emedicine.medscape.com

20. Hallux Valgus Image www.wheelessonline.com/image3/i1/bunn1.jpg

21. Heterotopic Bone • Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal formation of true bone within extraskeletal soft tissues http://emedicine.medscape.com/

22. Hypercalcemia • Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the calcium level in your blood is above normal • The main cause of hypercalcemia is overactivity in one or more of your parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium www.mayoclinic.com

23. Intervertebral Osteochondrosis • Degenerative process of the spine involving the vertebral body end-plates, the nucleus pulposus, and the anulus fibrosus, which is characterized by disc space narrowing, vacuum phenomenon, and vertebral body reactive changes www.asnr.org

24. Mesothelioma • A malignant tumor of the mesothelium • The mesothelium is the thin lining on the surface of the body cavities and the organs that are contained within them • Most mesotheliomas begin as one or more nodules that progressively grow to form a solid coating of tumor surrounding the lung, abdominal organs, or heart • Most commonly occurs in the chest cavity and is associated with exposure to asbestos in up to 90% of cases http://www.medterms.com/

25. Neuropathic Arthropathy • Joint disease secondary to diminished pain and proprioceptive reflexes that cause loss of sensation in the joint, loss of support and instability • Usually the result of trauma medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com http://neuromuscular.wustl.edu

26. Non-union • Failure of the fragments of a broken bone to knit together www.merriam-webster.com/medical/nonunion Blood supply Example of scaphoid fracture with non-union http://www.readinghand surgery.com

27. Osteophyte • A small outgrowth of bone that occurs within joints or at other sites where there is degeneration of cartilage as in osteoarthritis encarta.msn.com http://img.medscape.com DISH

28. Pectus Excavatum • "Caved-in" chest • Usually an unimportant isolated finding evident at birth. (Funnel chest can occasionally be part of a connective tissue disorder such as Marfan syndrome www.medterms.com http://www.naritasekijyuji.jp/news/images/ img_new_014en_17.jpg

29. Syndesmophyte • An osseous excrescence attached to a ligament medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary. com/syndesmophyte http://www.learningradiology.com

30. Syringomyelia • Syringomyelia is the development of a fluid-filled cavity or syrinx within the spinal cord http://upload.wikimedia.org emedicine.medscape.com http://www.nature.com

31. Teratoma • A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue and sometimes mature elements such as hair, muscle, and bone • Teratomas occur most often in the ovary, testis, and in the sacrococcygeal region in children • A teratoma may be benign or malignant www.medterms.com

32. Teratoma Images http://library.med.utah.edu http://www.learningradiology.com

33. Eventration • Herniation of intestines • Protrusion of the omentum or intestine through an opening in the abdominal wall • The protrusion of the intestines from the abdomen Eventration of the Diaphragm -Congenitally thin muscular portion of hemidiaphragm medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com www.learningradiology.com