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Learn about morphology, the study of words, morphemes, affixes, and types of morphemes. Discover the difference between bound and free morphemes, derivational and inflectional affixes, and more in this comprehensive guide.

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  1. Announcements • Revised Final Exam date: • THURSDAY 03/15/2007 08:30-10:20 BAG 131

  2. Today • What is morphology? • Types of morphemes Readings: 5.1, 5.3, 5.4

  3. Morphology • The study of words and the rules for word formation in a language

  4. What is a word? • A meaningful unit of language that can stand on its own • Stored in mental lexicon w/ information about its ‘part of speech’ (noun, verb, adj., etc.) • Composed of one or more morphemes

  5. Morpheme • The smallest meaningful linguistic unit • apple, cat, help, salamander, fling, lens • -er, -ing, -s • pre-, un-

  6. ‘Oversimplifications’ 1: simple 2: simple + ify 3: simple + ify + cation 4: over + simple + ify + cation 5: over + simple + ify + cation + s

  7. Definitions • Affix: general term for morphemes attached to a root or stem • prefix: beginning of word (e.g., pre-) • suffix: end of word (-ness, -ly, -tion) • infix: inside a word • Tagalog [-um-]: [bili] ‘buy’  [bumili] ‘to buy’ • circumfix: ‘around’ a word (at both ends) • German [ge- -t]: spiel- ‘play’  gespielt

  8. Definitions • Root: forms base for affixes to attach to; cannot be analyzed into smaller parts • Stem: formed when a root is combined with an affix (that other affixes can continue to be attached to) root: taste(verb) stem: dis + taste(prefix + verb) stem: dis + taste + ful(prefix + verb + suffix) stem: dis + taste + ful + ly(prefix + verb + suffix + suffix)

  9. Types of morphemes • Bound vs. Free • Derivational vs. Inflectional • Content vs. Function

  10. Free vs. Bound morphemes • Free morphemes: • can occur as an independent word all by themselves • Simple words: cat, eat, green, pumpkin, the, is

  11. Free vs. Bound morphemes • Bound morphemes: • Cannot stand alone, but must be attached to other morphemes • Affixes: un-, pre-, dis-, -ly, -ness, -tion • Bound roots: -ceive (conceive, receive, deceive, perceive) -sist (consist, resist, desist, persist)

  12. I know a little man both ept and ert. An intro-? extro-? No, he's just a vert. Sheveled and couth and kempt, pecunious, ane, His image trudes upon the ceptive brain. When life turns sipid and the mind is traught, The spirit soars as I would sist it ought. Chalantly then, like any gainly goof, My digent self is sertive, choate, loof. attributed to David McCord (b. 1897)

  13. I know a little man both ept and ert. An intro-? extro-? No, he's just a vert. Sheveled and couth and kempt, pecunious, ane, His image trudes upon the ceptive brain. When life turns sipid and the mind is traught, The spirit soars as I would sist it ought. Chalantly then, like any gainly goof, My digent self is sertive, choate, loof. attributed to David McCord (b. 1897)

  14. Derivational vs. inflectional affixes • Derivational affixes: • when added to a word, make or derive a new word w/ a new meaning… • …sometimes changing the part of speech of the word • use (v.) + able usable (adj.) • happy (adj.) + ness happiness (n.) • …sometimes not • un + happy (adj.) unhappy (adj.) • re + produce (v.) reproduce (v.)

  15. Derivational vs. inflectional affixes • Inflectionalaffixes: • indicate grammatical roles; do not change basic meaning of the word, e.g., • 3rd per. sg.: -s He walks. • past tense: -ed He walked. • progressive: -ing He is walking. • past participle: -en He has eaten. • plural: -s I have cats. • possessive: -’s cat’s eye • comparative: -er She is older. • superlative: -est She is oldest.

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