Gender Mainstreaming

1. Gender Mainstreaming Trainers: Arzu Huseynova Khayala Mammadova 05 – 06 March 2008

2. What is Gender? • Is based on sexuality - ? • Gender means women - ? • Gender is equality under law - ? • Gender is a privilege given to women under law - ?

3. What is gender? Gender – a difference between men and women based on social, cultural, economical, political, psychological, historical, moral and law matters.

4. Gender and Sex Gender  • Is based on social factors; • Learned; • Dynamic – always can change; • Changes from one culture to another; Sex  • Biological factor; • Unchanged; • Universal;

5. Poverty is a gender issue  • Not equal salary division between men and women • Women mostly don’t know their rights and can’t protect themselves on political and economical matters • Women don’t have enough power and voice • Men and women are surrounded by stereotypes; • Not enough opportunities for women;

6. Commitments involve obligations  • Beijing Platform for Action • UN’s Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

7. Gender roles and gender system Gender roles are particular social behaviours associated with gender. They are expected behavioural models that have been learnt and they differ from one society or culture to another.

8. Gender Roles • Work connected with the family (“reproductive work”), for example household tasks, housekeeping and child-rearing, which is usually unpaid work. • Work connected with production (“productive work”), for example the production of goods and services, which is usually wage-paid or salaried work. • Community-related work, for example taking care of community services, activities and needs, which is usually unpaid work.

9. Gender related needs As a result of the gender roles of men and women their needs are also gender-bound. Development cooperation normally tries to have an impact on the actual conditions in which people live and thus to meet their needs.

10. Gender related needs • Practical needs are the concrete, material needs that must be met in order to satisfy the basic needs of life. They can include, for example, the needs for nourishment, health care and shelter. • Strategic gender-related needs are connected with the status of women and men and the power structures within the community. Strategic gender-related needs include, for example, the right to own and inherit money and land, the right to the same wages for the same work.

11. Culture & Gender Intersect • Culture is dynamic. Cultures survive by responding to changing realities. • Gender roles are also dynamic. They can and do change. • Evolving gender roles are integral to the continuing evolution that each culture undergoes to survive.

12. Gender change: why is it resisted? • Gender roles shape daily life. So, gender change can affect a lot of people. • Gender change weaves through, and has impact on, the power dynamics within class, caste, race, religion etc. • The comfort zone created by an individual’s or a group’s identity may be threatened. • Cultureshave power structures that favour a ‘status quo’ built on gender bias.

13. Gender progress  despite resistance • Some individuals have the vision, strength and courage to stop conforming: to do something outside the stereotyped roles of men or women in their local environment. • They mobilize allies in their own environments. • Some are catalysts for major movements – in the tradition of Gandhi.

14. Gender change can be place-specific • Reinterpreting purdah lets Bangladeshi women work in garment factories • People stop foot binding in China • The first women become bus drivers in Papua New Guinea

15. Gender change can be global • More men are taking on domestic and child care responsibilities • More women are taking on public and leadership roles.

16. Culture & gender are impacted by: • Globalization • ICT and other new technology • Change in the labor market or economy • Environmental change • Armed and political conflict • Development projects

17. Gender Equality • What is it to you? • What should we do to achieve it?

18. Gender Equality Can be defined variously: • equality under the law • equality of opportunity • equality of voice • not necessarily equality of outcomes

19. What is Gender Mainstreaming? • Gender mainstreaming is one of the methods in which we try to work towards achieving the goal of gender equality • Gender mainstreaming means that attention is paid to the points of view, experiences and needs of both men and women in all activities and in all areas of the community. It means that the political, economic and social processes in the community are developed and evaluated in such ways that the parties and factors involved in different areas work to promote gender equality and reinforce the measures that eliminate observed inequalities

20. Participatory Approach • Access to resources • Participation in decision-making • Achieving control and power • Voice in governing bodies • Empowerment entails process of change

21. Ownership • Ownership means that the people who are in some way affected by a development cooperation project (its beneficiaries and other stakeholder groups) take part in planning and implementing it in ways that are meaningful and significant for them, so that they commit themselves to realising the project and achieving its goals.