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The Dutch "Golden Age"

The Dutch "Golden Age". (1580s - 1670s). The Netherlands: The “Low Country”. Dutch Architecture. Patrician homes along the canal in Leiden. Row houses & Catholic “hidden” Church, Amsterdam. Upper-class Homes, Amsterdam 1600s. The “Dutch” Century.

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The Dutch "Golden Age"

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  1. The Dutch "Golden Age" (1580s - 1670s)

  2. TheNetherlands:The “LowCountry”

  3. Dutch Architecture Patrician homes along the canal in Leiden Row houses & Catholic “hidden” Church, Amsterdam Upper-class Homes, Amsterdam 1600s

  4. The “Dutch” Century Why was the Netherlands the best place to live in Europe in the 17th c.?

  5. 17th c: The “Dutch” Century • A fiercely republican form of gov’t • Religious tolerationProtestants, Catholics & Jews lived together peacefully • Urban society  more people lived in cities than any other area of Europe. • 1stcapitalist economy (thriving & stable) • Amsterdam  Europe’s financial capital • “Golden Age” of artists and thinkers. • Dutch universities were centers of intellectual life, progressive ideas & scientific achievement.

  6. Dutch Society • Granaries with enough surplus for one year (Amsterdam & Rotterdam) • Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe. • Even women had higher wages. • “Protestant work ethic.” • Thrift and frugality. • Had the highest standard of living in Europe! • Had a commercial empire that spanned the globe!

  7. The Dutch Republic (Federation) Loose confederation of seven independent & strong states

  8. The Dutch Republic: A Flow Chart • REGENTS • provincial level • held virtually all the power • strong advocates of local independence • STADTHOLDER • States General representative from each province • responsible for defense and order • STATES GENERAL • federal assembly • foreign affairs (war) • all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

  9. Oude Kerk [Old Church], Amsterdam First built in 1300.

  10. Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam – Emmanuel De Witte

  11. Portrait of an Old Jewish ManRembrandt, 1654

  12. Amsterdam Stock Market (Bourse)Emmanuel De Witte, 1653 Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.

  13. Sampling Officials of the Drapers Guild – Rembrandt - 1662

  14. University of Leiden,1575 • By 1645, it was the largest university in the Protestant world. • The separation of the strong provinces hindered the power of any church to control intellectual life in the Dutch Republic!

  15. University of Gröningen, 1614 • Along with Leiden, they were the first international universities. • Half of the students were foreigners.

  16. Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp – Rembrandt, 1632

  17. Dutch Contributions to Science • Hans Lippershey • Telescope • Christiaan Huygens • Explanation of Saturn’s rings • Wave theory of Light • Anton von Leeuwenhoek • Microscope • Discovery of micro-organisms

  18. Women at Work

  19. Dutch East India Fleet Return of the Dutch East India Fleet, c. 1559 Dutch East India Ship mid-17th c. Dutch in Japan, 18th c

  20. 17th c. Dutch Global Commerce

  21. Decline of the Dutch Republic (18th c.) Unified political leadership vanished after death of William III (1702) Wars w/ France & England placed heavy burdens on Dutch finances & manpower English shipping began to challenge Dutch commercial supremacy Fishing industry declined Stagnation of domestic industries brought about by disunity of provinces Only thing saving them from insignificance = financial system

  22. Dutch Realism

  23. Characteristics of Dutch Realism: • Chiaroscuro  contrast b/t light & dark • Usually one light source (ex. a window) • Imitated Caravaggio’s use of light & shadow • Realism  detail in fabrics, facial expressions, etc • Intimate Settings  indoor scenes w/in middle-class homes • Allegories symbols/themes w/in paintings

  24. Dutch Realism • Goals: • Provide Protestant middle-class w/ small-scale, affordable, portable artwork • Display everyday life as realistically as possible • Praise the lives & accomplishments of the middle class • “Genre” Paintings • Still life • Portraits • Landscapes/Cityscapes

  25. Still Life with Gilt GobletWilliam Heda, 1635 “Genre” Painting

  26. The Merry Drinker (1628-30)– Frans Hals

  27. View of DoerdrechtAelbert Cuyp, 1650s

  28. Two Giants Of Dutch Realism

  29. Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) Self-portrait, c. 1629-30 Self-Portrait, c. 1660

  30. The Night Watch – Rembrandt van Rijn, 1642

  31. Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp – Rembrandt, 1632

  32. The Mill– Rembrandt van Rijn, 1645-48

  33. A Young Woman with a Water Jug - Jan Vermeer, 1662

  34. The AstronomerJan Vermeer, 1668

  35. Girl with a Pearl EarringJan Vermeer, 1665

  36. The Little Street – Jan Vermeer, 1657-1661

  37. Jan Vermeer and Optics • Did Vermeer use some of the new discoveries in optics? • Did he use lenses to project the image of the subject [camera obscura] onto the canvas? • It is argued that van Leeuwenhoek was the model for his painting, “The Astronomer.”

  38. Camera Obscura

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