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INFO1119: Operating System and Hardware

INFO1119: Operating System and Hardware. Module 2: Computer Components Hardware – Part 2 . Power Supply Connectors. Some connectors are general purpose, while others have a specialized function. 2. Power Supply Connectors. 3. Modern-day Motherboard. 1) CPU Socket. 2) Chipset.

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INFO1119: Operating System and Hardware

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  1. INFO1119: Operating System and Hardware Module 2: Computer Components Hardware – Part 2 INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  2. Power Supply Connectors Some connectors are general purpose, while others have a specialized function INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 2

  3. Power Supply Connectors INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 3

  4. Modern-day Motherboard 1) CPU Socket 2) Chipset 3) RAM Slots INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 4

  5. Busses INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  6. Serial: • Simpler • One bit at a time, so slower? • Parallel: • More difficult • You need to wait until ALL bits are stabilized until you can read • All bits transmitted at once, so faster? INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  7. What’s faster? • What’s the fastest bus now? • AGP? Parallel bus • Hyperbus? Parallel bus • PCI Express? Serial • Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  8. The Bus Collection of wires linking one part of the computer to another • On the motherboard, these are the tiny copper wires (traces) • Are inside the chips (CPU), too Used to move data, instructions, and electrical current between components. The Motherboard has multiple data buses, with different speeds and sizes. INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 8

  9. Bus Lines INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 9

  10. Data Bus The Data Busis the part of the bus used for data transfer Each trace on the data bus represents one binary digit Often in multiples of 8 (16, 32, 64, etc. bits wide) Speeds vary, measured in MHz Main bus that communicates with the CPU, memory, often called the Front Side Bus (FSB) INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 10

  11. Overclocking A faster clock = A faster system However CPUs and Chipsets can only go so fast • Heat damage • Reliability Systems are designed to default to safe clock rates for the CPU • Warranties can be voided if user adjusted speeds are used • Sometimes a setting in the BIOS INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 11

  12. Expansion Slots INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 12

  13. Expansion Card Inserted into a Slot INFO1119 (Fall 2012) 13

  14. Some fancy terms • Band width • (bit rate) • Hz (MHz, GHz) • Bus width • Latency • Parallel, serial • Analog, digital INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  15. Some fancy terms • Shared bus • “Local” bus INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  16. CPU (or whatever) Bus Device Device Device Device Shared bus • This means that all the devices are connected together • ISA, PCI, SCSI, etc. are like this INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  17. Shared bus • In a shared bus, the devices must have an “address” or some other way of differentiating each other • Only one device can “talk” at any one time. • Can have “Bus Masters” – CPU or other device controls the bus INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  18. CPU (or whatever) Bus PCI Bridge PCI Bridge PCI Bridge Device Device Device Device Device Shared bus • To help with “talking at once” or to have different speed busses, can have “Bridges” INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  19. Point to point • This is the “direct” approach • Each device is directly connected to only one other device • Can be one device to another or using a “switch” INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  20. CPU (or whatever) CPU (or whatever) Device Device Device Switch Device Point to point This device can “talk” to any other through the switch INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  21. At the Back INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  22. Common connections • USB ports (2-6) • Digital Video Interface (DVI) • VGA • PS/2 ports mouse & keyboard • Sound ports (speakers, mike, line) • Network port RJ45 • Serial (DB9) and Parallel (DB25) rarer INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  23. Serial • Built to the RS-232 standard • Often connected mice, modem, etc. • 9 pins • Larger style was 25 pins (most not used) • Up to 115,200 bits / second • About 10Mbytes / second (in theory) INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  24. VGA • 15 pin analog connection • Red, Green, Blue • Horizontal & Vertical sync • Surprisingly high data rate INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  25. DVI (Digital Video Interface) • Used digital (instead of analog) connection • “Single” or “Dual” link: • Single (60Hz): 1920 x 1200 resolution • Dual (60 Hz): 2560 x 1600 resolution • Cables up to 5m (16 feet)! INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  26. Display Port • Replacement for DVI • 10.8Gbits/sec (that’s fast) • 1920 × 1080 × 60 Hz × 24bpp • to 3840 × 2160 × 60 Hz x 30 bpp INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  27. Internal INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  28. Some legacy technology • ISA • EISA, VESA, MicroChannel • All replaced by PCI technology INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  29. “Local” busses • The “local” bus is (basically) directly connected to the CPU • In theory, is the fastest connection to the CPU • AGP is an example INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  30. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) • 32 bits • Up to 2133 Mbytes/sec • Almost a direct connection to CPU • AGP 1.0 (1x - 266 MB, 2x - 533 MB/s) • AGP 2.0 (4x – 1GB/s) • AGP 3.0 (8x – 2133MB/s) INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  31. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) • AGP 2x (3.3V) • Data on rising and falling edges • doubling data transfer • AGP 4x (1.5V) • Four transfers per clock cycle • AGP 8x (0.8V) • Eight transfers per clock cycle INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  32. AGP • Slots are “keyed” so that you can’t place the wrong card in the slot From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGP_keys_diagram.png INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  33. From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGP_slot.jpg INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  34. Resources • IRQ (interrupt requests) • 15 of them with ISA (PC still has these) • DMA (Direct Memory Access) • I/O ports (not like network ports) INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  35. PCI • Most common today • Two major types: • PCI (parallel) • PCI Express (serial) • Also broken into multiple variants, based on speed, bus size, etc. INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  36. PCI • Initial: 33 MHz, 32 Bits • (Slower than VESA Local bus) • Approx 132 Mbytes / second • 33 MHz (1 transfer / cycle) * 8 Bytes= 132 Mbytes / second • 5 Volts, then 3.3 Volts (ISA is 5V) • 32 bit address space (4 Gbytes) INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  37. PCI - improvements INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  38. PCI • Another “trick” was the way data was transferred • Sort of a “burst mode” • Address sent once, then three packets of data is sent • So only ¾ of time is really for data Address Data Data Data Once “cycle” INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  39. PCI – reflected wave • Uses Reflected-wave switching • Unlike ISA (and SCSI), which have termination • Bus is not “terminated,” so wave is reflected back, doubling the amplitude (if done correctly) INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  40. PCI Express • From Intel • A.K.A.: PCIe or PCI-E • NOTE: Not PCI-X (which is the old PCI) • Up to 8 Gbytes / second (both ways) • 4 Gbytes one way • Serial INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  41. PCI Express • Based on “lanes” • 250 MHz • Each lane is a separate serial channel • 1 lane = standard PCI • 4 lanes = fastest PCI (PCI-X) • 8 lanes = fastest AGP • Up to 32 lanes • Designated as 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  42. PCI Express • “Full duplex” • Data goes both ways • Vs. Send, then receive modes/states • Slots are different form factors • NOTE: a “4x” physical connection could mean it’s a 1x card using a 4x slot. INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  43. 4x 16x 1x Standard PCI http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PCIExpress.jpg INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  44. QPI (QuickPath Interconnect) INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  45. QPI (QuickPath Interconnect) • Intel QuickPath Interconnect • Point-to-point processor interconnect developed by Intel which replaces the Front Side Bus (FSB) in Xeon, Itanium, and certain desktop platforms • Designed to compete with HyperTransport • First delivered in November 2008 on the Intel Core i7-9xx desktop processors and X58 chipset INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  46. USB (Universal Serial Bus) • Serial (1 bit) • USB 2.0 up to 480 Mbps • USB 3.0 up to 5 Gbps • Up to 127 devices per host • Hot plugable • Six types of plugs INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

  47. Web Links http://www.pcisig.com/home http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci.htm http://www.techfest.com/hardware/bus/pci.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/pciexpress/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/hardware/pcie.ars/1 http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/vectors/en/2004_pciexpress?c=us&l=en&s=corp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/quickpath-technology/quickpath-technology-general.html INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

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