MINES AND BOOBY TRAPS

1. MINES AND BOOBY TRAPS UT1 TILL Page: 3-5-1

2. Enabling Objective(s): 3.9 DESCRIBE the characteristics and nomenclature of mines and booby traps in accordance with Countermine Measures Manual (FM 20-32) 3.10 DESCRIBE the procedures necessary to locate and mark mines and booby traps in accordance with the Countermine Measures Manual (FM 20-32)

3. Characteristics of Mines and Booby traps Used to delay and disrupt use of roads and paths Divert forces to guard and clear routes Personnel and equipment patrolling roads and detecting or removing mines are prime targets

4. Conventional Mines Explosive devices designed to destroy or damage equipment or personnel May be employed in quantities to form a minefield or used individually

5. Types of conventional Mines Antitank (AT) - designed to immobilize or destroy tracked and wheeled vehicles and the vehicle crews and passengers. Produces two types of kills... Mobility Kill (M kill) Stop Vehicle

6. Catastrophic Kill (K kill) Kill vehicle and occupants

7. In road junctions Under bridges Anti-tank mines can be placed... In old tire tracks Underneath roads In potholes In areas recently cleared

8. TYPE OF MINES • Anti-tank mines • Track width (m-kill) • Full width (k-kill) • Off route • Antipersonnel mines • Blast • Fragmentation • Bounding • Directional

10. Pattern B Effect • Large AP Mines: PMN • Wound Effect: • Lower extremities • Amputation of leg • Large wounds in thigh, genital or buttock • Opposite leg gaping wounds or open fractures • Both legs may be lost

12. Pattern C Effect • Small above ground AP Mines: PFM • Wound Effect: • Similar to Pattern A • Amputation of finger and hands • Damage to the face • Chest wounds • Blindness

14. Pattern D Effect • AP Fragmentation Mines: M16, Valmara69 • Wound Effect: • Upper extremities • Creating trauma to abdomen and head • These weapons usually KILL

15. DEAD

16. INITIATING ACTIONS • Pressure • Pressure release • Pulling trip wire • Tension release • Time delay • Tilt rod • Impulse - Acoustic (sound) - Radio frequency - Inertia - Vibration (seismic) - Magnetic - Electrical

17. Mechanical

18. Chemical

19. Friction

20. Electrical

21. Mine fields-area of ground containing mines emplaced with or without a specific pattern

22. EXAMPLES OF MINEFIELDS IRAQ

23. Conventional - AP - VS-50s

24. AP

25. Anti-Landing

27. Used to Produce a specific effect on enemy maneuver. Cause the enemy to piecemeal his forces Interfere with enemy command and control. Inflict damage to enemy personnel and equipment. Protect friendly forces from enemy maneuver.

28. Types of Minefields-determined by battlefield purpose. Protective Tactical Phony

29. Scatterable Mines -considered to be new threat • Designed to be delivered or dispensed by aircraft, artillery, missile, hand, or ground dispenser. • Have a limited active life and self destruct after active life expires. Duration of active life varies. • Emplaced faster • Time-delay arming • Remote emplacement-Can be emplaced in enemy-held territory where conventional mines are an impossibility. • Increased tactical flexibility • Efficient • Increased lethality • Readily available in the retail arms market • Encountered in low-intensity operation

30. Insurgent and guerrilla forces may use Scatterable mines to counter high mobility of civil and military forces. Lie on ground surface, visible on roads, hard surface and level ground; difficult to locate in broken ground or undergrowth. Scatterable Minefields can be in front of, behind, to either side of, or on top of a unit. Covered by indirect fire and may be covered by direct fire.

31. Expedient Mines -constructed in the field with locally available material. Supplement a unit’s low supply of conventional mines. Hinder reconnaissance, clearance, and neutralization of Minefields. Create enemy attitudes of uncertainty and suspicion.

32. Improvised Claymore

33. Grapeshot Antipersonnel Mine

34. Barbwire, Antipersonnel, Fragmentation Mine

35. Fragmentation Grenade

36. Improvised Flame Mine

37. Chemical Mines Filled with chemicals (nerve or blister) Forces enemy to use protective clothing and masks and reduce advancement speed.

38. Booby traps: • are a psychological weapon. • are used in conjunction with mines or by themselves. • are suited for defensive operations.

39. Used for • slowing enemy advance • denying enemy use of facilities and material • warning of enemy approach • deterring enemy from using ground not covered by direct fire

40. Located in various places • In and around buildings, installations, and field defenses. • In and around road craters or any obstacle that must be cleared. • In natural, covered resting places along routes. • In assembly areas • Near stocks of fuel, supplies, or materials. • Roads or rail systems. • Designed to be actuated while carrying out normal duties-cannot be specifically guarded against because there is nothing to cause suspicion. • Take advantage of human nature-can be detected because they are designed to make a person do something.

41. Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) 1st COMBAT ENGINEER BN

42. IED • (DOD, NATO) A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to kill, destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from nonmilitary components.

43. TYPE Wounded In Action (WIA) Killed In Action (KIA) TOTAL Mines 50 4 54 IEDs 480 31 511 UXO/Submunitions 24 3 27 TOTAL 554 38 592 MINE-RELATED CASUALTIES (as of 23 October 2003) 105 TOTAL KIAs SINCE 1 MAY, AMERICAN SOLDIERS ARE BEING KILLED AND WOUNDED BY IEDs ON A REGULAR BASIS!

44. IEDS • Increasing use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and/or mines in roads. • Recommendations: • Do not attempt to move, or stop for, items in the road, to include: • Boxes • Bags • Debris • Animal Carcasses • UXO • Soda Cans • Broke-down vehicles • Any other seemingly misplaced Items! (Stay Alert, Common sense) • Give wide clearance to any items on the roads. • Remember the rules for obstacles – They are being observed. Hostile forces may directly target Coalition forces that stop to investigate or clear IEDS—do not stop near a suspected IED.

46. ENEMY IED OPERATIONS • Command-detonated IEDs are the “weapon of choice,” with 455 incidents from 1 July to 17 September • IED attacks are concentrated on approximately 350 kilometers of MSRs between Ar Amadi-Baghdad-Tikrit, with a localized problem in Mosul as well • About 50% fail to function properly, however, the enemy is learning and adapting at a rapid rate • Presently, IED attacks are about evenly split between hard-wire and radio-controlled, up from <10% radio-controlled through early August • Target vulnerable elements, with over half of the IED attacks made against unarmored HMMWVs (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles)

47. IED Charge Characteristics • Main charges frequently “daisy-chained” artillery or mortar shells • Typically, these charges are placed on the shoulders of paved roads and camouflaged. • 155mm shells are frequently used • Typically, the shells are primed with a standard military electric blasting cap inserted into a wad of plastic explosive in the fuse well

48. FOUO IED INCIDENT LOCATIONS (as of 17 September 2003) FOUO

49. IED Hidden in Plaster made to look like concrete block on side of road under debris Garage Door opener detonation device (Notice Wire)

50. Daisy-Chain(Parallel Series)