Bio Poem Subjects

1. Bio Poem Subjects INVENTORS Johannes Gutenberg PAINTERS/SCULPTORS/ARCHITECTS Jan Van Eyck Raphael Leonardo da Vinci Michalangelo Dontatello Masaccio Sandro Botticelli PROTESTANT REFORMATION Desiderius Erasmus Martin Luther John Calvin Ulrich Zwingli CATHOLIC REFORMATION Ignatius of Loyola KINGS/QUEENS Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) Charles V Henry VIII Elizabeth Tudor POLITICAL LEADERS Oliver Cromwell Cardinal Richelieu Lorenzo de’Medici PHILOSOPHERS/WRITERS Niccoolo Machiavelli Petrarch Geoffrey Chaucer Dante William Shakespeare

2. Journal Entry #1 The Reformation was a time of great change within the Catholic church and Renaissance society. Not only did the Catholic church find itself having to change to stay afloat as a viable religion, different religions started to spring from dissatisfaction. One outspoken opponent of the Catholic church was Martin Luther. He stood up for what he believed in and did not budge on issues that were important to him. He believed that the Catholic church was becoming too corrupt and so he fought for change. Eventually his ideas would become the Lutheran church. • Can you think of 2 people today or within history that have fought for change, and have actually been able to make changes for the better? Who are they? What did they change? Why? • What would you stand up for? How hard would you fight for it? Would you back down, even if there were pressures coming at you from every corner?

3. The Reformation Explain the major events and reasons for the Protestant Reformation including Christian Humanism, Martin Luther and the 95 Theses, Calvinism, and eventually the Catholic Reformation.

4. Setting the Stage • Christian humanism-Northern Renaissance humanism • Goal=reform the Catholic church • Believes that humans can reason and improve themselves • In order to change society, you have to change people 1st • Erasmus “the philosophy of Christ”-Christianity should show people how to live good lives • Religion was something inward • Wanted to reform Catholic church not break away

5. Dissatisfaction Financing Basilica Working Off Sins • Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality • People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened • Heavy taxation also caused discontent • Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences • Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica • Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory • Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed • Sale of indulgences widely criticized Catholicism in the 1400s Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation

6. The Ninety-Five Theses Stimulated Discussion • Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful • In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin • Criticized power of pope, wealth of church • Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people • Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards • Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals • Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople • Desire for reform grew Martin Luther Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

7. Luther’s Message • Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate • Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed • 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope • Empowered the People • Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible • To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German • Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy

8. Reactions to Luther • Church’s Response • 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church • 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V • German Diet • Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms • Refused to change opinions • Edict of Worms • Emperor handed down Edict of Worms • Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings • Luther’s ideas spread • Edict of Worms • Protestant • 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany • German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this • Term Protestant came from this

9. Politics in the German Reformation • Holy Roman Empire was vast (Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Milan, Naples) • Charles V wanted to keep his land unified by the Catholic faith • Charles was in a 20 year conflict with France • “Lutheran princes” started to appear in Germany and unified against Charles • Peace of Augsburg-German states could choose

10. Ulrich Zwingli Zwingli Churches • All paintings and decorations were removed • Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons • Luther did not accept his ideas • Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics • Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s • Many ideas viewed as radical • His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired The Spread of Protestantism • Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others • As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe. When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531.

11. John Calvin • Background • John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther • Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus • Supported reforms of Luther in Germany • Influenced by Augustine • Preached doctrine of predestination • God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation • Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end • People Sinful by Nature • Geneva, Switzerland became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior • Powerful center for Protestantism • Calvinism was a dynamic and activist faith

12. A King’s Protest Annulment Opposition • 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 • Devout Catholic • Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas • Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” • By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary • Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England • Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled • Pope would not agree to annulment • Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn Protestantism Spreads to England • Reformation began with the king in England

13. The Reformation Parliament • Henry Takes Over • Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope • Henry became head of Church of England • Church of England • Henry changed rituals of church very little • Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles • This built more public support for split from Catholic Church • Act of Supremacy • Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled • Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth • Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”

14. Bloody Mary Elizabeth’s Reign • Mary returned England to authority of pope • Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary” • Half-sister Elizabeth became queen • Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart • 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome • Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne • Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England Henry’s Heirs • Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI • 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9 • Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians • Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England

15. The Catholic Reformation • Revitalized in the 16th century • 3 reasons why: Jesuits, reform of the papacy, the Council of Trent • Jesuits used education to spread their message; restored Catholicism in parts of Germany, eastern Europe, and other parts of the world • Council of Trent met on and off for 18 years • Reaffirmed teachings against Protestants • Faith and good works were needed for salvation • Selling of indulgences were forbidden

18. Setting the Stage • Christian humanism-Northern Renaissance humanism • Believes that humans can reason and improve themselves • In order to change society, you have to change people 1st • Erasmus “the philosophy of Christ”-Christianity should show people how to live good lives

19. Dissatisfaction Financing Basilica Working Off Sins • People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened • Heavy taxation also caused discontent • Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica • Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory • Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed • Government separate from the church Catholicism in the 1400s Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the ________________________

20. The Ninety-Five Theses Stimulated Discussion • In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin • Criticized power of pope, wealth of church • Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people • Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards • Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople Martin Luther Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

21. Luther’s Message • Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate • Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed • Empowered the People • Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible

22. Reactions to Luther • Church’s Response • 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V • German Diet • Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms • Edict of Worms • Emperor handed down Edict of Worms • Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings • Edict of Worms • Protestant • 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany • German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this • Term Protestant came from this

23. Politics in the German Reformation • Holy Roman Empire was vast (Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Milan, Naples) • Charles was in a 20 year conflict with France • “Lutheran princes” started to appear in Germany and unified against Charles

24. Ulrich Zwingli Zwingli Churches • Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons • Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics • Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s • His church based on theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired The Spread of Protestantism • Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others • As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe. When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531.

25. John Calvin • Background • Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists • Supported reforms of Luther in Germany • Influenced by Augustine • God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation • Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end • People Sinful by Nature • Geneva, Switzerland became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior • Powerful center for Protestantism

26. A King’s Protest Annulment Opposition • 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 • Wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas • Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” • By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary • Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England • Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled • Arguing with Pope, Protestantism Spreads to England

27. The Reformation Parliament • Henry Takes Over • Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope • Church of England • Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles • This built more public support for split from Catholic Church • Act of Supremacy • Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled • Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England”

28. Bloody Mary Elizabeth’s Reign • Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary” • Her death caused little grief • Half-sister Elizabeth became queen • 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome • Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne • Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England Henry’s Heirs • Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI • 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9 • Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England

29. The Catholic Reformation • Revitalized in the ________________ • 3 reasons why: • Jesuits used education to spread their message; restored Catholicism in parts of Germany, eastern Europe, and other parts of the world • Council of Trent met on and off for 18 years • Reaffirmed teachings against Protestants • Faith and good works were needed for salvation • Selling of indulgences were forbidden