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Memory Manipulation and improvement

Memory Manipulation and improvement. Memory….Accurate??. Memory is NOT an exact copy of the world Memory includes some exact details Memory includes some additions that are logically plausible, things that might have happened

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Memory Manipulation and improvement

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  1. Memory Manipulation and improvement

  2. Memory….Accurate?? • Memory is NOT an exact copy of the world • Memory includes some exact details • Memory includes some additions that are logically plausible, things that might have happened • Confidence in memory is no guarantee of its accuracy, in fact there is little correlation

  3. Why so many errors? • Memory is actively constructed • Retrieving memory involves active reconstruction • Over time recalling memories can change the content and meaning of a memory • Your experience of memory is NOT a guarantee that it reflects reality!

  4. Loftus’s leading question research • The way questions are asked during eye witness testimony can influence memory • Shows how recall does in fact involve an active reconstruction of events, that is open to suggestion • Leading Questions – phrased in a way that suggests what the desired answer is

  5. Loftus’s leading question research – study no. 1 • Participants shown clips of car accidents • All participants asked the question – ‘About how fast were the cars going when they________ each other?’ • The gap was filled with • Smashed • Collided • Bumped • Hit • contacted

  6. Loftus’s leading question research – results study no. 1 • Participants estimates of speed were influenced by how the question was asked

  7. Loftus’s leading question research –study no. 2 • Participants again viewed accident footage • Participants asked ‘About how fast were the cars going when they________ each other?’ • Gap filled with • Hit • Smashed • One group not asked about the speed of the cars

  8. Loftus’s leading question research –study no. 2 • One week later all participants asked questions about the accidents • The critical question ‘did you see any broken glass’ was asked to all 3 groups • There was no broken glass in the film

  9. Loftus’s leading question research –study no. 2 results

  10. Loftus’s leading question research –study no. 2 results • Participants ‘recollection’ of seeing glass was influenced by how the speed question was asked • They had mixed their memory of the accident with the new false piece of information added after the event – smashed or hit • Suffered source confusion – unable to distinguish real info from false info given after the event • Conclusion – memories can be altered by post event exposure to inaccurate info during questioning

  11. Eyewitness testimony experiment • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHumtn0sIcc&feature=related

  12. False Memories • Participants shown footage of impossible events • Children shown film of meeting bugs bunny at Disneyland which is impossible as bugs is a Warner Brothers brand • When questioned later the subjects exposed to the film were more likely to ‘remember’ such an encounter than the control group • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZlPzSeUDDw&feature=relmfu

  13. False Memories • Participants read stories about them getting lost in the shopping centre as children • Told the info comes from relatives • About 25% of participants after reading the story report recalling the event • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQr_IJvYzbA

  14. Enhancing memory • Retrieval can be enhanced if the conditions under which the information was originally learned is recreated • Context dependent cues – environmental cues in a particular setting where a memory was formed that act as retrieval cues • State Dependent cues – refers to an individuals internal psychological and/or physical state at the time the memory was formed • Information is more likely to be remembered if the person is in the same state as when they learned it

  15. Mnemonic devices • Methods or strategies for improving memory. They make use on information already stored in LTM • Don’t make it simpler, they make it more elaborate.

  16. Mnemonic devices • 1/ Method of Loci – Use a well learned sequence of locations as cues for retrieval • 2/ Narrative Chaining – Make up a story using items to be remembered

  17. Try to remember this list of words? • Cat • Tomato • Picture frame • Smelly • Bike • Tarantula • spaghetti

  18. How did you go? • Try again but this time make a little story (narrative) in your head to try to improve your memory recall • Here is the list again.......

  19. Try to remember this list of words? • Cat • Tomato • Picture frame • Smelly • Bike • Tarantula • spaghetti

  20. What was your story?

  21. Mnemonic devices continued.. • 3/ Acrostics – Word associations for items to be remembered, construct phrases using first letters of words to be remembered. EG. Never Eat Soggy Weetbix N,E,S,W • 4/ Acronyms- Pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a sequence of words. Eg. QANTAS, FPOT, BRIJ • 5/ Rhymes – Rhymes are a phrase or a string of words often with an emphasis on similar sounding key words • 6/ The Peg Word Method – Mental pegs on which you hang the items to be remembered

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