Quantum Fluctuations: Threat to Big Bang Evangelism

1. Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015科学布道-- 2015年3月 Sermons from Science is now published in both YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the website http://ChristCenterGospel.org. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all the glory. Pastor Chui http://ChristCenterGospel.org ckchui1@yahoo.com 12/19/2019 1

2. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • Dr. Danny Faulkner published an article on the above subject in the Answers In Genesis website on February 12, 2015. Dr. Faulkner retired from the position of a Distinguished Full Professor of Physics from the University of South Carolina at Chapel Hill a few years ago. He now devotes his time to disseminate technical subjects to laymen in Answers In Genesis. I now quote his article in the following pages.  12/19/2019 2

3. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Abstract • “Many Christians today embrace the big bang theory as an avenue for evangelism. They reason that a big bang origin of the universe naturally leads one to conclude that there must be a Creator, thus opening the door for sharing the gospel. However, there is a growing belief that a quantum fluctuation gave rise to the universe apart from God. This belief is based upon several speculative and probably incorrect ideas concerning physics, but it appears to be the direction that big bang cosmogony is headed. If big bang evangelism ever was effective, its window is rapidly closing. 12/19/2019 3

4. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “The Reason for Belief in an Eternal Universe • “Christians who believe the big bang model frequently argue that if the universe had an origin, then there must be a transcendent Creator. Indeed, the implication of a Creator was the main reason why so many cosmologists and astronomers opposed the big bang model for many years in the middle of the 20th century. Many scientists chose to believe in an eternal universe rather than the big bang origin primarily because an eternal universe avoids the need of a Creator. However, the 1965 discovery of the cosmic microwave background convinced most scientists that the big bang was the correct origin model of the universe. Consequently, the big bang model has been the dominant cosmogony for nearly a half century, so today few people are aware of that early opposition. 12/19/2019 4

5. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Even though the big bang model now enjoys wide acceptance, the need for a Creator has not gone away. To counter this problem, cosmologists and physicists have devised arguments that supposedly show how the big bang could have happened apart from a Creator. Over the years, those who criticize recent creationists have chastised us for not publishing our work on creation in what they consider legitimate scientific journals. The critics claim that when creationists write popular-level books, creationists are attempting to circumvent the scientific process. 12/19/2019 5

6. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Interestingly, very little of the supposed mechanisms of how the universe came into existence spontaneously is published in scientific journals either. Instead, atheist scientists write their thoughts on this subject in popular-level books. A recent example of this is Lawrence Krauss’ 2012 book, A Universe from Nothing. In this book, Krauss draws upon topics that have been published in scientific journals to make some conclusions about the origin of the universe apart from a Creator, but those conclusions were made in the book, not in the scientific literature. 12/19/2019 6

7. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 12/19/2019 7

8. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Enter Quantum Fluctuations • “The question arises whether any articles have been written in the traditional scientific journals on the spontaneous appearance of the universe. One possibility is Tryon (1973). Tryon published in Nature, a prestigious science journal, but his brief article reads more like a letter or opinion piece, so it is doubtful that it went through any sort of rigorous peer review. Apparently, Tryon was the first to suggest that the universe began in a quantum fluctuation. Perhaps a better example would be the more recent, detailed paper on the supposed quantum fluctuation origin of the universe by Stenger (1989). 12/19/2019 8

9. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “What is a quantum fluctuation? In classical physics, we know that energy is conserved, that is, that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Our understanding of the conservation of energy comes from countless experiments of localized parts of the universe, but, presumably, the law of conservation of energy applies to the universe as a whole. Therefore, it would seem that the sudden appearance of energy, as required by the big bang model, would violate the conservation of energy. However, many physicists think that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) offers a way around this problem. The HUP is an aspect of quantum mechanics, the physics of small systems, such as atoms and sub-atomic particles. 12/19/2019 9

10. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “The HUP places a limit on how well we can know information about a small particle. One formulation of the HUP relates our uncertainty in knowing a particle’s energy to the uncertainty in the measurement of time that the particle occupies the measured energy . Let ΔE represent the uncertainty in the amount of energy and ∆t represent the uncertainty in the time. Then the product ΔE∆t is approximately equal to ħ, where ħ = h/2π, and h is Planck’s constant. Planck’s constant has the value 6.626 x 10-34 Joule-second. Notice that Planck’s constant has the appropriate units of energy and time. Planck’s constant is very small, so the uncertainties are vanishingly small on a macroscopic scale. That is why the HUP is not observable in the macroscopic world. However, on the scale of subatomic particles, the uncertainties can be large compared to the quantities involved, so the consequences of the HUP can be significant on the microscopic scale. 12/19/2019 10

11. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “But Does This Mechanism Work? • “There are certain experimental results that demonstrate the HUP, so the HUP is a well-accepted phenomenon in quantum mechanics. However, a problem arises when physicists attempt to expand the meaning and application of the HUP to violations of the conservation of energy. This expansion is the teaching that violations of energy conservation are allowed as long as they do not last very long. That is, if ΔE is the violation of the conservation of energy over some time ∆t, then such violations are permitted as long as the product ΔE∆t is less than ħ. 12/19/2019 11

12. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “To support this interpretation, physicists often refer to certain experiments where they infer that pairs of virtual particles pop into existence before popping back out of existence. Albert Einstein showed with his famous E = mc2 equation that matter and energy are equivalent things. Hence, the appearance of particles would violate the law of conservation of energy, unless the pairs of particles exist for a very short period of time. While this is a common interpretation of the HUP, it is controversial. For instance, Bunge (1970) has called virtual particles fictitious and argued that quantum field theory can explain these experiments without appeal to virtual particles. Or consider the comments of David Griffiths, a physicist with two well-respected textbooks in relevant fields. In one text he wrote this: 12/19/2019 12

13. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “’It is often said that the uncertainty principle means energy is not strictly conserved in quantum mechanics—that you’re allowed to “borrow” energy, as long as you “pay it back” in a time; the greater the violation, the briefer the period over which it can occur. Now, there are many legitimate readings of the energy-time uncertainty principle, but this is not one of them. Nowhere does quantum mechanics license violation of energy conservation, and certainly no such authorization entered into the derivation of Equation 3.74.’(Griffiths 2005) 12/19/2019 13

14. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “And in another text he wrote the following: • “’In special relativity, the energy E, momentum, p, and mass m of a free particle are related by the equation E2-p2c2 =m2c4. But for a virtual particle E2 – p2c2 can take on any value. Many authors interpret this to mean that virtual processes violate conservation of energy (see Problem 1.2). Personally, I consider this misleading, at best. Energy is always conserved.’ (Griffiths, 2008) 12/19/2019 14

15. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Negative Energy • “Dismissing these objections, many physicists and cosmologists want to apply this approach to the entire universe. They ask, “What if the sum of the energy in the universe is zero?” They conclude that if the energy of the universe is exactly equal to zero, then the universe could have popped into existence without violating the conservation of energy and could continue to exist for billions of years. In his essay, Tryon (1973) famously quipped that “our universe is simply one of those things which happen from time to time.” This is the ultimate evolutionary theory, because the universe itself is just a sort of accident; there was no cause, and so there is no need of God. 12/19/2019 15

16. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Besides relying upon a very questionable application of the HUP, this approach also requires that the total energy of the universe is zero. There is a tremendous amount of energy in the universe. Much energy is in the form of light or other electromagnetic radiation. Quantum mechanically, we think of radiation consisting of particles called photons. Each photon has energy E = hn, where n is the frequency of the photon. Since both h and n are positive, all energy of electromagnetic radiation is positive. 12/19/2019 16

17. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Matter in the universe has an equivalent energy given by the famous Einstein equation E = mc2, where m is mass and c is the speed of light. Since c is a large number that is squared, matter in the universe has considerable energy (this is why nuclear power is so efficient). Since m and c are positive numbers, the total energy of matter in the universe is positive as well. Together, the mass and radiation energy of the universe is considerably positive, so for the universe to be the result of a quantum fluctuation, there must be a tremendous amount of negative energy to counterbalance the positive energy. 12/19/2019 17

18. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Where might this negative energy be? In physics, the only negative energies are those encountered with potential energies. Indeed, Tryon used gravitational potential energy in the general form –GmM/R to estimate the total gravitational potential energy of the universe. Using values then current (circa 1973), Tryon found that gravitational potential energy and the energy of matter were roughly equivalent, from which he concluded that the universe had zero energy. However, potential energies are zero only if we choose an appropriate reference point to make them so (the mathematics is simpler this way). 12/19/2019 18

19. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “In classical physics, the choice of reference point is arbitrary, and if we choose a different reference point, all potential energies could be positive. Hence, in an absolute sense, one cannot so easily make the energy of the universe zero. However, some physicists have argued that in non-classical physics this is possible (Berman 2009) or have put forth theories of how certain fields may be present in the universe that may require negative potential energies. Indeed, the entire motivation for this sort of approach appears to be the bias against the possibility of a Creator rather than some formal requirement based upon observation of the universe or known laws of physics. 12/19/2019 19

20. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “THESE MUSINGS DEMONSTRATE THE FUTILITY OF MAN’S THINKING APART FROM GOD. • “Setting this difficulty aside for now, the manner in which a quantum fluctuation could operate is not totally agreed upon. One possibility is to argue that the universe appeared truly out of nothing in a manner consistent with itself. In a world without quantum fluctuations, the sudden appearance of energy would violate a basic property of the universe, the conservation of energy, so a universe governed by classical physics without the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle cannot spontaneously appear out of nothing. However, a universe governed by quantum mechanics allows for quantum fluctuations, so the universe could have arisen in this manner. 12/19/2019 20

21. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Another possibility is to argue that the big bang was preceded by . . . well, nothing. But does nothing truly exist? Quantum mechanically, a vacuum totally devoid of matter isn’t so empty. As previously mentioned, this whole line of reasoning relies upon a particular interpretation of the HUP. This same interpretation requires that virtual particles spontaneously pop into and out of existence. Those virtual particles amount to a form of energy. If this vacuum that preceded the big bang had more energy than the current universe, then, since physical systems naturally go from higher to lower energy, the big bang inevitably followed that earlier, higher energy state. 12/19/2019 21

22. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “However, Tryon (1973) hinted at the current thinking on the subject when he suggested that the universe appeared, not out of nothing, but in “. . . the vacuum of some larger space in which our Universe is imbedded.” Now many astronomers and cosmologists think that our universe is just one universe in a vast multiverse consisting of myriads of other universes. In this view, our universe was spawned by a hypothetical process called inflation. This process is supposedly spawning even more universes even now in a supposedly never-ending process. The multiverse is the totality of all these past and future universes. This amounts to a return to the eternal universe, albeit on a much grander scale. As previously mentioned, an eternal universe has no place for God. 12/19/2019 22

23. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Conclusion • “Notice that these things are discussed in popular-level books, not in the scientific literature, so apparently evolutionists are not held to the same standard that creationists are. This sort of reasoning may seem silly or even bizarre to most people, but such ideas have gained tremendous traction among physicists in recent years. At first, these were just wild ideas that physicists informally discussed, followed by more formal discussions in colloquia, followed by brief mentions in popular-level books. The statements in books eventually were expanded to the point that they became the main focus of books. 12/19/2019 23

24. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “For instance, nearly 30 years before Krauss published his book, James Trefil (1983, pp. 203–208) briefly discussed such ideas in his book, The Moment of Creation. Halfway between, Before the Beginning: Our Universe and Others, a book by Marin Rees (1997), took a decidedly less tentative approach. While Krauss’ recent book appears more definite, most readers may not notice his frequent use of qualifying terms, such as “could,” “might,” and “may.” In the near future we can expect physicists, astronomers, and cosmologists to take a much more forceful attitude in insisting that it is as indisputable as gravity that a quantum fluctuation gave rise to the universe. 12/19/2019 24

25. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “There are at least three serious logical problems with this entire line of reasoning: • “1. Quantum mechanics implicitly assumes the existence of time and space, so how can the laws of quantum mechanics create time and space? • “2. The only way that we know quantum mechanics is (at least approximately) correct is because we can do experiments and make observations to verify its predictions. Even if we accepted at face value the claim that QM allows particles to “pop” into and out of existence, who has ever observed a universe popping into existence? 12/19/2019 25

26. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “3. Point #2 is one of the big logical problems with the claim that the laws of physics can explain the creation of the universe. These laws have only been observed to be applicable within our universe. We thus have zero justification for believing that they would apply “outside” the universe. • “Of course, these musings demonstrate the futility of man’s thinking apart from God. As the Apostle Paul warned in his epistle to the Romans (1:21–22, KJV), • “Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened. Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools. . . . 12/19/2019 26

27. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Unfortunately, many Christians embrace the big bang as evidence of the God of the Bible, and thus they have wedded the big bang model to their apologetics. Often their motivation is to bring people to salvation, reasoning that the big bang model shows that there must be a Creator, and so people will want to investigate who God is. However, people who take this approach fail to grasp the significance of these new developments within the big bang model. Lost souls who follow the latest pronouncements of scientists about the big bang are inclined to take those scientists’ opinions about there being no need for a Creator as well. While the motivation for evangelism of those Christians who accept the big bang is commendable, their approach is doomed to failure as the big bang model continues to assume a more atheistic bent. 12/19/2019 27

28. Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism 量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音 • “Answers in Genesis stands for the authority of Scripture, so we start with the Bible when interpreting science rather than starting with the pronouncements of fallible scientists to interpret the Bible. We recognize that there are scientific problems with the big bang model (see “Does the Big Bang Fit with the Bible?”), but, more importantly, there are numerous biblical problems with the big bang model as demonstrated in the following articles: • The Big-Bang God or the God of Scripture? • Does the Big Bang Fit with the Bible? (video) • The Big Bang? (Chapter 2 in Evolution Exposed: Earth Science • The Big Bang: God’s Chosen Method of Creation? • Big Bang topic page.” • Thank God for Dr. Faulkner’s contribution. 12/19/2019 28

29. Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝 12/19/2019 29

30. Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015科学布道-- 2015年3月 Sermons from Science is now published in both YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the website http://ChristCenterGospel.org. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all the glory. Pastor Chui http://ChristCenterGospel.org ckchui1@yahoo.com 12/19/2019 30

31. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • Dr. John G. Hartnett is a professor of physics in Australia. He authored a book on Starlight, Time and the New Physics. He published an article in the Answers in Genesis website on the above subject on February 11, 2015. I now quote his article below: • “Abstract • “I speculate on a new cosmological redshift mechanism due to “tired light” in a created static-yet-unstable 6000-year-old finite-size universe. This utilizes Lisle’s Anisotropic Synchrony Convention (ASC) model, but I show a one-to-one correspondence with the Hartnett-Carmeli model that was so successful when tested against type Ia supernova measurements. This gives a theoretical underpinning to the ASC model with a Hubble law redshift-distance dependence, but not from expansion, yet where, today, we see all sources in the universe only 6000 years after they were created. 12/19/2019 31

32. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “Introduction • “In standard cosmology it is normal practice to assume no Creator and that the material world is all that there is. Therefore it follows that only the laws of physics, time, and chance are to be considered when formulating a description of the creation and history of the universe we see. This means that within the visible horizon there has been sufficient time for the gravitational and electromagnetic influences of the matter elsewhere to be felt locally. Assuming an expanding universe, the only limitation comes from the notion that the universe has expanded faster than the speed of light (c) and therefore this has introduced to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation what is known as the horizon problem (Hartnett 2014a). 12/19/2019 32

33. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “It is implicitly assumed that redshifts, seen in the light from extragalactic sources, correctly describe an expanding universe and that any past epoch in the history of the universe can be defined by its redshift. This is because the Hubble law is explained via the hypothesis of stretching of the wavelengths of light emitted from the galaxies as they recede from us. • It thus follows from this assumption that any region of space characterized by a particular redshift had a history back to the big bang. This might not be immediately obvious to the casual observer but this assumption is tied to redshifts defining an expanding universe, which began from a single point and expanded to all that we see today. Hence it follows that all epochs one observes, via the regions of space defined by the redshifts of the galaxies within those regions, are representative of all past epochs for regions that cannot be observed. It follows, therefore, from the assumption of the cosmological principle, that the history assumed by inspecting a sequence of redshift regions is typical for all regions in the universe. 12/19/2019 33

34. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 12/19/2019 34

35. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “A similar idea can also be assumed for a static universe where redshift is a measure of distance, but quite obviously not due to expansion. I have recently discussed the notion of expansion of space and expansion of the universe, which are not necessarily the same thing, but both lead to the idea that cosmology is more philosophy than science (Hartnett 2014b). Also I have taken another look at the biblical creationist light-travel-time problem (Hartnett 2015) to which this paper is a sequel. 12/19/2019 35

36. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “Non-Equilibrium Universe • “What I speculate about here is the idea that what we observe in the universe is not in equilibrium, that is, the state of the universe is in a transient state. It is a universe just freshly created. That of course implies a fair amount of “mature creation” from the Creator. But the physics we interpret from the observations of the cosmos, might be better interpreted by assuming it is still in a non-equilibrium condition. One example of this may be the anomalous rotation curves observed in thousands of spiral galaxies. When a spectrograph is placed on the emissions across the disk regions of a spiral galaxy, redshifted and blueshifted spectral lines are observed on opposite sides of the central nucleus. 12/19/2019 36

37. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “This is (correctly, in my opinion) interpreted as rotation of the galaxy, and the red and blueshifted lines are due to the Doppler Effect in the light from the gases in the disk regions. However, at large distances from the nucleus, the rotation speeds of the disk gases and stars is much too fast compared to what is expected using standard Keplerian physics. At those rates of rotation the galaxies would disintegrate—fly apart—in a matter of a hundred million years. But if the universe is only 6000 years old this is not a problem. 12/19/2019 37

38. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “Those rotation curves are currently interpreted as requiring massive amounts of halo dark matter to keep the galaxies stable over their lifetimes of ten billion years or so. The implicit assumption is that they have built themselves up over the assumed age of the universe by accumulating matter from elsewhere (mergers etc.) but always resulting in a stable gravitational condition. Essentially this is the cosmic equivalent of geological uniformitarianism. The belief that what we observe now has been going on for billions of years into the past. But what if that is not the case? 12/19/2019 38

39. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “Our own sun is a good example, too. Radiation from the core to the surface should take about 10,000 to 170,000 years to get to the surface (NASA 2007), yet only 8.3 minutes to get to earth. Adam saw the sun, therefore light already was at its surface within 2 days of its creation, and I think we can infer it was able to be seen on the same day of its creation. That is what I would argue is the central reference point of the whole Creation Week. 12/19/2019 39

40. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “Another assumption that is made when modeling the universe is the cosmological principle. In particular, the assumption is that the universe we observe around us is just a time advanced version of any other part of the universe. This means that there is no special place in the universe; there is no centre and no edge. Thus it is assumed that our galaxy is not in any special place. • But what if all that is wrong? What if our galaxy, at least, is cosmologically somewhere near the centre of the universe, which is finite and bounded and hence has both an edge and a centre? The universe does not appear to be in any sort of an equilibrium condition, so what if the created universe is nonhomogeneous but isotropic around a unique centre with a finite extension? 12/19/2019 40

41. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “One argument some use against this idea is that it would be unstable and collapse into its centre. That could even be possible, but not if we are only at the 6000 year mark in its history. Who says a created universe needs to be stable against collapse? Nevertheless it could be, but the point is, why is that even a requirement? It is a uniformitarian assumption. 12/19/2019 41

42. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “Hubble on Redshifts • “Edwin Hubble observed a systematic trend between the redshifts of galaxies and their distances from earth. This result was interpreted to mean that the universe is expanding. • “Now Hubble was not a believer in the Creator, but rather that the universe was the product of random chance and the laws of physics. His measurements indicated that the galaxy redshifts are proportional to their distances from earth, which seemed to strike him as quite significant. So in 1937 he wrote, 12/19/2019 42

43. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “Such a condition would imply that we occupy a unique position in the universe . . . But the unwelcome supposition of a favored location must be avoided at all costs . . . . [it] is intolerable; moreover, it represents a discrepancy with the theory because the theory postulates homogeneity. (Hubble 1937, pp. 50–59) 12/19/2019 43

44. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “What prompted this comment was that he believed he was seeing galaxies in all directions speeding away from him by the same proportion, that is, the more distant the faster they moved. Understand though, the redshifts were only inferred as being caused by the recession speed of the galaxies. Astronomers then often spoke like that, as if it due to the Doppler Effect, but most now believe it is due to the cosmological expansion of the universe (Hartnett 2014b). • One way you could interpret those observations is that we are at the centre of the universe and the galaxies are all receding away from us. However Hubble rejected that concept on philosophical grounds. He went on to say: 12/19/2019 44

45. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “’Therefore, in order to restore homogeneity, and to escape the horror of a unique position, the departures from uniformity, which are introduced by the recession factors, must be compensated by the second term representing the effects of spatial curvature. (Hubble 1937, p. 59) • “He resorts to curvature of space. By assuming that space is curved a centre could be avoided. Thus there is no need for a centre or an edge to the universe. Thus it follows that we are not in a unique position in the universe and the cosmological principle can be saved. • “Prior to these aforementioned comments from his 1937 book, Hubble, in 1935, expressed the following concern. 12/19/2019 45

46. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “’. . . the possibility that red-shift may be due to some other cause, connected with the long time or distance involved in the passage of the light from the nebula to observer, should not be prematurely neglected. (Hubble and Tolman 1935, p. 303) • “He was suggesting that there could be other mechanisms causing light to be redshifted, besides recession of the galaxies due to the Doppler Effect or cosmological expansion; a mechanism possibly resulting from the passage of light through the vast distances of the cosmos. • “Again by 1947 Hubble was to express doubts about an expanding universe. His own Hubble law says that the further away the object, the greater the redshift. But it seems, at least by this time in his life, he did not strongly believe in the notion of the expanding universe and wrote that redshifts result from some hitherto-undiscovered mechanism (Hubble 1947). 12/19/2019 46

47. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “A Possible Redshift Mechanism • “It is always difficult to know exactly what was in the mind of some past scientist, who may have changed his view from time to time. But the notion of some other mechanism to explain the overall systematic trend of redshifts in galaxies is worth considering. • “Previously I have discussed the idea of Halton Arp’s intrinsic redshifts, and there is a lot of evidence to support the notion that quasars have large redshifts which are not related to their distance in the universe (Hartnett 2003a, 2013a, 2014c). 12/19/2019 47

48. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “I speculate here on a redshift mechanism, a “tired light” mechanism. Tired light is not new, and was probably first suggested by Fritz Zwicky in 1929 (Zwicky 1929). But this tired light mechanism that I propose here is a direct consequence of creation. • “Scripture tells us (emphases added): • “Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look upon the earth beneath: for the heavens shall vanish away like smoke, and the earth shall wax old like a garment, and they that dwell therein shall die in like manner: but my salvation shall be for ever, and my righteousness shall not be abolished. (Isaiah 51:6 KJV) • “Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth: and the heavens are the work of thy hands. They shall perish, but thou shalt endure: yea, all of them shall wax old like a garment; as a vesture shalt thou change them, and they shall be changed: . . . (Psalm 102:25, 26 KJV) 12/19/2019 48

49. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “Which is quoted in the book of Hebrews (emphases added): • “And, Thou, LORD, in the beginning hast laid the foundation of the earth; and the heavens are the works of thine hands: They shall perish; but thou remainest; and they all shall wax old as doth a garment; And as a vesture shalt thou fold them up, and they shall be changed: but thou art the same, and thy years shall not fail. (Hebrews 1:10–12 KJV) • “The suggestion here in Scripture is that the heavens, the starry cosmos, is not here forever; it is not eternal, and at some future date God will “fold up” the heavens like He is folding up and putting away a tent. Scripture is quite clear that the heavens shall not endure but shall vanish away. The Bible also describes the stars “melting” or “dissolving,” which I have previously suggested could relate to comets melting as they approach the sun (Hartnett 2006), but also it could have meaning in regards to the end of the stars, as they are destroyed in the collapse of this universe (Hartnett 2003b). 12/19/2019 49

50. Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1 创造的宇宙红移揣测-1 • “But the day of the LORD will come . . . the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up. . . . Looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat? (2 Peter 3:10, 12 KJV) (emphasis added) • “And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll: and all their host shall fall down, . . . (Isaiah 34:4 KJV) (emphasis added) 12/19/2019 50