CHAPTER 39

1. CHAPTER 39 REBIRTH AND REVOLUTION: NATION-BUILDING IN EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC RIM

2. PACIFIC RIM • The Pacific Ocean is the center of world today • Mediterranean Sea was the ocean of the past • Atlantic Ocean was the ocean of the present: 1450 – 1945 • Pacific Ocean is the ocean of the future • 1970 – 1982: US trade with Europe was up 400% • Same time period US trade with Asia Pacific was up 800% • Key Players • China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong • United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Chile • 1st Economy of the World: US • 2nd Economy of the World: China • 3rd Economy of the World: Japan • High technology, consumer electronics, computers, and automobiles • Major financial investment of US, China, Japan in each other, region • Impact on Region • Technology has hurt small producers, traditional markets • Shift of industry, agricultural production around Pacific • Massive immigration of Asians to the United States, Canada, Australia, Latin America • Threats to Prosperity • Warfare and conflicts: Korean War, Vietnamese War • Potential for conflict between China and Taiwan

3. JAPAN TO 1945 • Japan emerged from World War I as a world power • Plans to acquire Chinese, Russian territory frustrated by US, UK • Signed treaty with United States guaranteeing China's integrity • Participated in the League of Nations but often neutral or hostile • Japanese economy boosted by war: sold munitions to Allies • Prosperity short-lived • Economy slumped during Great Depression • Labor unrest, demands for social reforms • Massive earthquake in 1920s hit Tokyo • Political conflict emerged • Between internationalists, supporters of western-style capitalism, nationalists • Much hostility to foreign influences by nationalists • Attempt to build large navy stopped by Washington Naval Accords • Army increasingly involved in governmental affairs; many young officers seek change • The Mukden incident, 1931, in Manchuria • Chinese unification threatened Japanese interests in Manchuria • Japanese troops destroyed tracks on Japanese railroad, claimed Chinese attack • Incident became pretext for Japanese attack against China • Military, acting without civilian authority, took all Manchuria by 1932 • Japanese dictatorship • Emerged in the 1930s with dominance of government by military • Many of the same trappings of fascism: nationalism, militarism, tradition • Plans drawn up to conquer, control Asia-Pacific led to World War II • Defeat in World War II led to US occupation under Douglas MacArthur

4. THE KOREAN WAR • Post-1945 World War II Asia Pacific • Civil War in China between Nationalists and Communists • War in Indo-China between French and Viet Minh (Nationalists, Communists) • War in Indonesia between Dutch and Indonesian Nationalists • US troops in occupation of Japan • The Korea War, 1951-1953 • Korea divided at 38th parallel • U.S. ally in south: Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee • Soviet ally in north: People’s Democratic Republic of Korea under Kim Il-Sung • North Korean troops crossed 38th parallel , captured Seoul, June 1950 • U.S. and UN troops pushed back North Korean troops to Chinese border • Chinese troops came in, pushed U.S. forces, allies back in the south • Both sides agreed to a cease-fire in July 1953, again at 38th parallel • Globalization of containment • Western fears of international communism must be contained • Creation of SEATO, an Asian counterpart of NATO • “Domino theory": if one country falls to communism, others will follow

5. JAPAN AFTER 1945 • US occupation of Japan began an economic recovery • US role • Broke up Zaibatsus, established base rules for capitalism, rebuilt industries • Established democracy, pressed for female suffrage, abolished state religion • Postwar Japan • Had few resources, no overseas empire • Benefited from U.S. aid, investments • Did not have a large defense budget because of US protection; money to industry • Government dominated by Liberal Democrats who cooperate with businesses • Japan's "economic miracle" • Japan • Pursued export-oriented growth supported by low wages • Began with labor-intensive exports, textiles, iron, and steel • Government supported incentives for trade, innovation, experimentation • Government sponsored research, development for businesses • Companies took care of workers, families with cradle to grave support • Reinvested profits • In capital-intensive industries such as cars, aircraft, shipping, electronics • In technology-intensive production such as telecommunications • Rapid growth, 1960s-1980s; Suffered recession in 1990s

6. THE PACIFIC RIM: NEW JAPANS • The Little Tigers • In beginning: Four Tigers – Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan • Followed Japanese model of export-driven industry • In 1980s rapid growth; by 1990s highly competitive • Industrial wealth, capitalism, trade led to democratization, pressure for reform • Stressed group collectivism and cooperation, limitations on dissent • Relied on government support of economic system • Korean Economic Miracle • Generals tended to dominate politics until the 1980s • During this time supported industrialization and economic growth • Began with cheap consumer goods • Built up a trained industrial force of workers • Corporations Hyundai and Daewoo and Samsung • Became a newly industrializing nation by 1980s and strong economic force • Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia are now joining these nations

7. CHINA TO 1945 • The republic, after 1911 • Revolution did not establish a stable republic; China fell into warlords' rule • Through unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of China • Growth of Chinese nationalism • Chinese intellectuals expected Paris Peace Conference to end treaty system • Instead, Paris treaties approved Japanese expansion into China • May 4TH Movement: Chinese youths, intellectuals opposed to imperialism • Some were attracted to Marxism and Leninism; CCP established in 1921 • CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and Guomindang(The Nationalist Party) • CCP leader Mao Zedong advocated women's equality, socialism • Guomindang leader Sun Yat-sen favored democracy and nationalism • Two parties formed alliance, assisted by the Soviet Union, against foreigners • Nationalist China 1912 - 1945 • Civil war after death of Sun Yat-sen, 1925 • Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, Mao launched Northern Expedition to reunify China • Successful, Jiang then turned on his communist allies in 1928 • After 1928 spent most of time fighting communists, warlords • Mao emerged as the leader of CCP, developed Maoist ideology • 1934-1935, CCP retreated to Yunan on the Long March to avoid Nationalists • China was mostly peasants: Maoism taps peasants as revolutionary strength • Sets up a peasant commune, state in Northern China, land reform • Nationalists vs. Communists vs. Warlords vs. Japanese 1931 - 1945

8. CHINA 1945 TO PRESENT • Origins of Communist China • Civil war between nationalists and communists resumed, 1945 • Communists armed, supported by USSR • Mao Zedong proclaimed People's Republic of China, 1949 • Social and economic transformation of China • Political reorganization dominated by Communist Party, Chairman Mao • Suspected nationalists were executed or sent to forced labor camps • Five-Year Plan stressing heavy industry • Massive land redistribution at village level • Collective farms with basic health and primary education • Emancipation of women: divorce, abortion, footbinding finally ended • Fraternal cooperation between China and Soviet Union • Both communist; shared common enemy, the United States • Alarmed by U.S. support of Japan, south Korea, and Taiwan • Beijing accepted direction from Moscow in early 1950s • USSR gave military-economic aid, helped seat China on UN Security Council • Cracks in alliance began in late 1950s • USSR gave more economic support to noncommunist countries • Both nations openly competed for influence in Africa and Asia • Rift between the two nations was public by the end, 1964 • Taiwan (Republic of China) • Outmaneuvered, the nationalists under Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan in 1948 • Taiwan protected by the US, develops modern industry, major world trading nation • Increasing tensions for reunification with China

9. COMMUNISM IN CHINA • Mao reunified China under communism • People’s Republic declared in 1949 • Annexed Tibet in 1949; border conflicts with India • Supported Communists in Korea, Vietnam, SE Asia • Intervened directly in Korean War to prevent American victory • Great Leap Forward (1958--1961) • Effort to catch up with industrial nations • Modeled after Soviet 5 Year Plans but included grandiose, weird ideas • All land collectivized; farming and industry became communal • Agricultural disaster; great famine followed, 1959--1962 • Great proletarian cultural revolution, 1966--1976 • To root out "revisionism," revitalize the revolutionary fervor • Students became the instruments of revolution against old, elite • Idea was that revolutionary fervor as communist better than science, expertise • Millions subjected to humiliation, persecution, and death • Educated elites targeted; setback for Chinese education and science • Deng's revolution • Deng Xiaoping regained power in 1981; opened China to foreign influence • Welcomed economic, market reforms; remained politically authoritarian • Crushed pro-democracy student demonstration in Tiananmen Square, 1989 • Hong Kong returned to China in 1997: how to absorb democratic city? • The rise of China since the death of Mao Zedong • Late 1970s opened China to foreign investment and technology • Gradual shift from planned communist economy to market economy • Offered vast, cheap labor and huge domestic markets • China joined WTO in 2001

10. SOUTHEAST ASIA • 1914 – 1940 • French Indochina: Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos • Dutch (Indonesia), US (Philippines), UK (Malaya, parts of Borneo, Singapore) • Independent Siam (Thailand): border state between French, British • 1940 – 1945 • Japanese occupy whole area within first weeks of World War II • Controlled areas through puppet regimes while exploiting the resources • End of war saw English, French, Dutch determined to restore their colonies • US grants Philippines independence • Vietnam • Fighting the French in Vietnam • Japan's invasion ended French rule; Ho Chi Minh declared independence • France reasserted colonial rule, recaptured Saigon and south Vietnam, 1945 • Retook north by bombing Hanoi and Haiphong; killed at least ten thousand civilians • Ho and followers (Viet Minh) conducted guerrilla warfare from the countryside • Aided by Communist China, Viet Minh defeated the French in 1954 • Geneva Conference and partial independence, 1954 • Vietnam temporarily divided, north and south, at 17th parallel • South Vietnam's leaders delayed elections, feared communist victory • US supported first the French, then the unpopular government of South Vietnam • North Vietnam received assistance from USSR and China • Cold war stalemate : The Vietnam War until 1975 • Nationalist-communist (Viet Cong) attacks on government of South Vietnam • President Johnson launched bombing campaign, sent ground troops in 1965 • U.S. troops were trapped in a quagmire; dragged on until 1973