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CS2100 Computer Organisation http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs2100/

CS2100 Computer Organisation http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs2100/. Introduction to Computer Organisation (AY2013/2014) Semester 2. Overview. The Big Picture Brief History of Computer Current Trend The Course (2 nd Part) Von Neumann Architecture Instruction Set Architecture

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CS2100 Computer Organisation http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs2100/

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  1. CS2100 Computer Organisationhttp://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs2100/ Introduction to Computer Organisation (AY2013/2014) Semester 2

  2. Overview • The Big Picture • Brief History of Computer • Current Trend • The Course (2nd Part) • Von Neumann Architecture • Instruction Set Architecture • Compilation Flow • Instruction Execution Flow Computer Organisation

  3. The Brief History of Computers Computer Organisation

  4. The Brief History: Supercomputer [ CS5222 Adv. Comp. Arch. AY1314S2 ]

  5. The Brief History: 2012 – Embedded • Everywhere • Smart-phone • Game consoles • DVD / Blue-Ray player • Car, Fridge, Washing Machine……… etc etc Computer Organisation

  6. 2000 - 2011 100M – 2.2B 1970 - 1980 2K – 100K 1980 - 1990 100K – 1M 1990 - 2000 1M – 100M Summary: From a few to manyn Transistor is the building block of CPU since 1960s Current World Population = 7Billion about the number of transistors in 3 CPU chips! Computer Organisation

  7. 80286 1982 1.5 µm Pentium 4 2000 0.180 µm- 0.065 µm Core i7 2010 0.045 µm- 0.032 µm Pentium 1993 0.80 µm- 0.25 µm Summary: From BIG to small Process size = Minimum length of a transistor Wave length of visible light = 350nm (violet) to 780nm (red) Process size now smaller than wavelength of violet light! Computer Organisation

  8. 80286 1982 1.8 MIPS* Core i7 2011 120 GFLOPS # Pentium 1993 200 MFLOPS# Pentium 4 2000 4 GFLOPS# Summary: From S-L-O-W to fast FLOPS = FLoating-point Operation Per Second Computer Organisation

  9. Summary: The Age of Computer • Unprecedented progress since late 1940s • Performance doubling ~2 years (1971-2005): • Total of 36,000X improvement! • If transportation industry matched this improvement, we could have traveled from Singapore to Shanghai, China in about a second for roughly a few cents! • Incredible amount of innovations to revolutionize the computing industry again and again Computer Organisation

  10. Moore’s Law • Intel co-founder Gordon Moore "predicted" in 1965 that Transistor density will double every 18 months Computer Organisation

  11. PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE INCREASE Computer Organisation

  12. The Three Walls • Three major reasons for the unsustainable growth in uniprocessor performance • The Memory Wall: • Increasing gap between CPU and Main memory speed • The ILP Wall: • Decreasing amount of "work" (instruction level parallelism) for processor • The Power Wall: • Increasing power consumption of processor Computer Organisation

  13. The Power Wall • We can now cramp more transistor into a chip than the ability (power) to turn them on! Computer Organisation

  14. Current State of Computer • Multicore is the future • All PC chip manufacturers have abandoned unicore development • Expect to have more cores in a single chip • Parallel programming is more important than ever • Great opportunity for computing professional • New programming model is required • Parallelising existing software • Innovative ways to tap into the computing power Computer Organisation

  15. So, what do we get to learn? 2nd Part of CS2100 Computer Organisation

  16. Computer Organization vs Architecture • Computer Organization: • Electronic Engineer's view of a computer system • Computer Architecture: • Assembly Programmers' view of a computer system • High level abstract view • This course aims to: • Give an indepth understanding of the inner working of a computer system • Concentrate on conceptual understanding rather than hardware implementation Computer Organisation

  17. Control Cache Input Output Registers Von Neumann Architecture • Proposed by John Von Neumann et al, 1945 • Major components of a computer system: • Processor, Memory and Devices • Buses for transporting data between component • Stored-Memory Concept: • Data and program are stored in memory Bus Processor Memory Devices Data Path Computer Organisation

  18. Components of Computer Computer Organisation

  19. Example: Inside Your Desktop Computer Organisation

  20. Example: Inside Your Laptop Computer Organisation

  21. How do we "control" the hardware? • You write programs in high level programming languages, e.g., C/C++, Java: • Compiler translates this into assembly language statement: • Assemblertranslates this statement into machine language instructions that the processor can execute: A + B add A, B • 1000 1100 1010 0000 Computer Organisation

  22. Applications Operating System Compiler Firmware Processor Memory organization I/O system Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design Layout ISA – Interface between HW & SW Software Programming Languages, Compilers,Operating Systems, Software Engineering Instruction Set Architecture Hardware PART 2 PART 1 Electronic Engineering Computer Organisation

  23. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) • Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) • A subpart of computer architecture that is related to programming, as seen by the programmer and compiler • ISA exposes the capabilities of the underlying processor as a set of well defined instructions • Serves as the interface between hardware and software • Serves as an abstraction which allow freedom in hardware implementations Computer Organisation

  24. Instruction Set Architecture - Examples • Observe that each ISA has a family of chips i.e. multiple hardware implementations Computer Organisation

  25. Instruction Set Architecture - Issues • ISA Design Issues: • Organization of programmable storage • Data types and data structures: • Encoding and representations • Instruction formats • Modes of addressing and accessing data items and instructions • Exceptional conditions Computer Organisation

  26. Program in High-level language (C, Pascal, etc) Link multiple machine-language programs to one program Compile program into assembly language Load program into computer’s memory Assemble program to machine language Execute program The Life of a program Computer Organisation

  27. CODE EXECUTION • Instruction Execution Cycle in the Processor: Computer Organisation

  28. Road Map for 2nd Part (Tentative) • Processor Performance (10) • Assembly language (11, 12, 13) • The Processor: • Datapath(14) • Control (15) • Pipelining (16) • Memory hierarchy: • Cache (17, 18) • Input/Output(19) Computer Organisation

  29. Reading Assignment • Computer Abstractions and Technology • Read up COD sections 1.1 – 1.3. Computer Organisation

  30. End Computer Organisation

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