اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی Agricultural Production Economics

1. اقتصاد تولید کشاورزیAgricultural Production Economics مدرس: دکتر محتشمی t.mohtashami@gmail.com

2. اقتصاد تولید.... اهداف کلی درس: آشنایی دانشجویان با کاربرد الگوهای عملی و نظری در مشخص کردن ساختار تولید و تصمیم گیری در سطح واحدهای تولید کشاورزی روش تدریس: به صورت سخنرانی و با استفاده از وسایل کمک آموزشی (دیتا پروژکتور) خواهد بود. همچنین در مواردی فرآیند تدریس به صورت مشارکتی، حل تمرین و بحث گروهی پیش خواهد رفت.

3. جدول برنامه آموزشی جلسات:

4. اقتصاد تولید .... • - حضور به موقع و فعال در کلاس • (در صورتیکه دانشجو در طول ترم بیش از 3 جلسه غیبت داشته باشد طبق مقررات آموزش با وی برخورد خواهد شد) • جستجوی یک مقاله مرتبط با موضوعات اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی در سایت ageconو خلاصه سازی آن پس از تأیید مقاله توسط مدرس • - حل تمرین های کلاسی و ارائه به موقع آن

5. اقتصاد تولید .... منابع: - درآمدی بر اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی، نوشته سانخایان، ترجمه دکتر اکبری و دکتر رنانی - اقتصاد تولید، نوشته جان فرانک ارزام، ترجمه دکتر ارسلان بد، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی نکته: اسلایدهای کلیه جلسات و نیز فایل pdfکتاب درآمدی بر اقتصاد تولید کشاورزی در صفحه مربوط به گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی سایت دانشگاه قابل دسترسی می باشد. روش ارزیابی (درصد):

6. General Overview • Agricultural Economics a subfield of Applied Economics • Applied Economics: Application of economic theory to actual events • Examples of economic specialization: labor, education, health, monetary, public, history, environmental, renewable resources, non-renewable resources, industrial organization, etc • Typically involves a reduction in the level of abstraction of core theory • Depict actual characteristics of economic problem of concern

7. General Overview • The objective of any scientific inquiry is to: • Observe and describe a particular set of phenomena • Organize those observations into recognizable patterns • Formulate theories or models where sufficient regularity is sought • Theory give scientist a basis on which to make predictions • i.e., theory of supply and demand

8. Definition of Economics “…a social science concerned with how consumers, producers, and societies choose among alternative competing uses of scarce resources in the process of producing, exchanging, and consuming goods and services”

9. Scarce Resources • Resources describes anything tangible • Wheat, barbed wire, hamburgers, water, labor, clean air • Every resource is relatively scarce • → availability of every resource is insufficient to satisfy all of its potential users • Scarcity creates need for a system to allocateresources among potential users • Need a theory by which allocation takes place

10. Scarce Resources Natural and biological resources 3.5 million square miles of land surface in U.S. 954 million acres of land in farms in U.S. Limited supply of crude oil/natural gas reserves Human resources >155 million people in U.S. civilian labor force Manufactured resources 3.9 million miles of highways 121.4 million tons of steel making capacity

11. Scope of Economics • Economics can be divided into three parts: • Microeconomics • Market economics • Macroeconomics • Microeconomics concerned with the economics of individual producers and/or consumers Aggregation levels differ

12. Scope of Economics • The microeconomics of productionexamines the economics of individual producers or firms • How does a firm acquire resources and combine them in the production process? • What is the difference between cost minimization vs. profit maximization in terms of resource use?

13. Scope of Economics • Production management decisions impacting firm profit include: • Which inputs to purchase • Multiple inputs to choose from (i.e., should I rent cropland versus purchasing) • Should this choice depend on input prices (i.e., what is the annual rental rate vs. ownership costs)? • What production technique to use • Multiple production technologies (i.e., conventional tillage, minimum tillage, no-till) • Technology determines input utilization (i.e., no-till requires less energy inputs and water use)

14. Scope of Economics • Production management decisions impacting firm profit include: • Which product to produce • Multiple products to choose from (i.e., how much of my land to devote to corn vs. soybeans) • How much of each product to produce • Should this depend on product prices (i.e., corn costs more/acre to grow than soybeans) • When to produce them • Marginal benefit versus costs of waiting a week to plant so that the soil is more dry • Economics of storage

15. Scope of Economics • Another branch of microeconomics concerned with individual consumer behavior

16. Scope of Economics • Macroeconomics concerned with the entire economic system • City, state, national or international level • Questions considered • What are the linkages within the economic system as a whole? • What are the economy-wide impacts of changes in policies or institutions? • What impacts the unemployment and inflation rates, the balance of payments, and the Federal deficit?

17. Scope of Economics • Macroeconomics deals with the economic impacts of public policies • Food stamps, pesticide use restrictions, dairy product price support system, etc. • These policies can impact a particular sector of the economy as well as the theentire economy • The macroeconomist also concerned with international issues

18. Opportunity Cost • Opportunity cost: Important term • All economic resources have value • Value usually determined in a marketplace where resource user pays prevailing price • Sometimes resources have economic value but those resources not purchased in a market • In this last case economists use opportunity costs to determine the resource’s economic value • Though there is no market price

19. Opportunity Cost • Opportunity cost is the economic value of a resource in its highest valued alternative use

20. Opportunity Cost • Opportunity cost of a choice is what you gave up to get it • Choose between purchasing either an apple or an orange • If you choose the apple, then your opportunity cost is the orange you could have chosen but didn't. • You gave up the opportunity to take the orange in order to choose the apple

21. Opportunity Cost • Common mistake: Price vs. Cost • Price is a per-unit concept • i.e., What is the price of a gallon of gasoline? • Cost refers to the concept of prices times quantity purchased • i.e., What did it cost to fill up your car?

22. Opportunity Cost • The study of economics is all about economic values—costs vs. returns • When available, we use market prices to determine economic value. • When market prices are not available, we use the concept of opportunity cost to estimate those values • Returns can be measured in terms of $ or in terms of satisfaction (or utility)

23. Diminishing Returns • In models of the economics of production and consumption the concept of diminishing returns is key • As you increase the amount of something, ceteris paribus,you will eventually reach a point where you increase at a decreasing rate • i.e., A diminishing increase in corn yield with respect to increasing amount of applied fertilizer

24. Diminishing Returns • Production side: Law of diminishing marginal product • If you add a certain level of an input to fixed amounts of other inputs, the additional production from this extra input will eventually decrease • i.e., If you add additional units of fertilizer to a fixed amount of land, eventually response per unit of fertilizer continues to increase but at a decreasing rate • Can eventually turn negative • Too much fertilizer can burn a crop, ↓yield