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西方文明史

西方文明史. 第十講：　 英格蘭的共同法、大憲章與國會 . 劉　慧　　教授. 【 本著作除另有註明外，採取 創用 CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享 」臺灣 3.0 版 授權釋出 】. The Roman Period 43-410 Anglo-Saxon c.450-1066 Norman 1066-1154 Plantagenet Angevin 1154-1399 Lancastrian 1399-1461 Yorkist 1461-1485 Tudor 1485-1603 Stuart 1603-1714 Hanoverian 1714-1901

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西方文明史

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  1. 西方文明史 第十講：　英格蘭的共同法、大憲章與國會 劉　慧　　教授 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出】

  2. The Roman Period 43-410 • Anglo-Saxon c.450-1066 • Norman 1066-1154 • Plantagenet • Angevin 1154-1399 • Lancastrian 1399-1461 • Yorkist 1461-1485 • Tudor 1485-1603 • Stuart 1603-1714 • Hanoverian 1714-1901 • Saxe-Coburg-Gotha/ Windsor 1901-

  3. Britain/ England, 5th c-13th c • The British Isles, Britons • Roman period 43-410 • Anglo-Saxon period 410-1066 • 1.1 5-6th c: the settlement • 1.2 7-8th c: the Anglo-Saxons Christianized • 1.3 9-11th c: the Vikings, the Wessex dynasty • Norman Dynasty 1066-1154 • 2.1 William I, the Conqueror 1066-1087 • 2.2 Henry I, 1100-1135 • Angevin Dynasty 1154-1399 • 3.1 Henry II, 1154-1189 • 3.2 John 1199-1216 Scotland NORTHERN IRELAND IRELAND U.K. WALES

  4. 1.1 5-6th c: the settlement • C.407 Roman troops withdrew from Britain, leaving the Roman-Britons to fend for themselves • C.450- settlement of people from Denmark, Germany, the lower Rhine • later known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes • C. 500 AmbrosiusAurelianus – uneasy stability • C. 550-650 Anglo-Saxon advance • Cultural changes • Pottery; architecture • Language, writing, religion

  5. Gaulish red slip pottery bowl Roman, AD 20-40Made at La Graufesenque, near southern France Anglo-Saxon pottery, made between AD 500 and 700.

  6. Simpler economic system • Sutton Hoo, Suffolk • Ship-burial of Raedwald, king of East Anglia? • grave-goods in Mound 1 (c.630) • Continental contacts (39 Frankish coins) • Warrior; regalia

  7. 1.2 7-8th c: the Anglo-Saxons Christianized • Pope Gregory I (590-604), Angles and angels; St Augustine • Inherent attraction of the faith • Connection with the wider world and older civilizations • Aid for ruling • organisation, universality, and the power of the written word • E.g. Ethelbert’s Code written in Old English (church liturgy in Latin) • Larger, more stable kingdoms c. 800

  8. Old English • So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by • and the kings who ruled them had courage and greatness. • We have heard of those princes’ heroic campaigns.

  9. 1.3 9-11th c: the Vikings; political unification under the Wessex dynasty • 793- Viking coastal raids; 865- full scale invasions and settlements • Northumbria (867), East Anglia (869), Mercia (873) • Danelaw • Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871-899) • And son and daughter; ‘burhs’ • Shires (counties) and hundreds

  10. Alfred the Great’s navy and cultural achievement • translated Latin works into Old English, e.g. Gregory’s PastoralCare • the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: copied and sent out; aestels • Ideological counter attack: Christian warfare against pagans • ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Further invasions late 10th-early 11thc, mid 11th c • Ethelred ‘the Unready’ (978-1016) and danegeld • 1016-42 Canute and sons • 1042-66 Edward ‘the Confessor’ • Exiled in Normandy in his youth • With the powerful Godwin family • Jan-Oct 1066 Harold earl of Wessex as king of England • 4 Oct 1066 battle of Hastings William duke of Normandy defeated Harold

  11. Norman knights supported by archers attack the English at the Battle of Hastings 50 cm * 70 m Workmen build the mound for the castle at Hastings. Detail of the Bayeux Tapestry William with Odo of Bayeux and Robert of Mortain.

  12. 2.1 William I, the Conqueror 1066-1087 • Duke of Normandy • Dominance of French culture: language, architecture etc • Preserved English laws and customs – Anglo-Saxon traditions of strong monarchy • Shires, sheriffs • General allegiance to the crown • Pleas of the crown • Domesday Book 1086 • The king’s land-grants created a new aristocracy • 4000 thegns were replaced by 200 barons

  13. William I • Giving out scattered estates to tenants-in-chief, retaining extensive royal demesne • Built royal castles. Private castles required a licence • Henry I’s clerks first attempted to define more exactly services owed by tenants-in-chief • Household knights and mercenaries • ‘Feudalism’ as a system of landholding and revenue raising • Feudal obligations and feudal incidents gradually crystallized during the 12th c (scutage, aids; relief, wardship etc)

  14. William II, Rufus, 1087-1100 • Succession rule still flexible • Robert Curthose • Crusade 1096-1100: pawned Normandy to brother WR • Death of William Rufus • Coronation oath of Henry I • Battle of Tinchebray 1106 • Robert remained prisoner of Henry

  15. The Palace of Westminster

  16. 2.2 Henry I, 1100-1135 • Royal administration: the Exchequer • Twice-a-year audits of the sheriffs’ accounts • profits from royal manors, debts owed the king • as vice-regal committee, headed by the ‘justiciar’ Roger of Salisbury • The Pipe Rolls • Royal legal jurisdiction: itinerant judges • Succession problem: the White Ship 1120 • The Empress Matilda (m. Henry V 1106-25) • Married Count Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou 1127 • General oath to uphold succession. Quarrel with father

  17. Stephen’s ‘Anarchy’ 1135-1154 • Geoffrey Plantagenet took Normandy 1144 • Treaty of Westminsterbetween Henry Plantagenetand Stephen, Dec 1153

  18. 3.1 Henry II, 1154-1189 • The Angevins (Plantagenets) • The Angevin empire • Duchy of Normandy, county of Maine, county of Anjou, • Eleanor of Aquitaine • Poitou, Gascony • Common law • the royal law common to the whole country • Lawsuits were initiated by writs • Neighbours empanelled as jury

  19. Changes in the judicial system and the method of proof • Justices in eyre • Civil cases: jurors acted like witnesses • jury of 12 freemen to decide disputes about recent possession, in claims of inheritance (mort d’ancestor) and unlawful seizure (novel disseisin) • Criminal cases: before royal judges, jurors named those of their neighbours whom they suspected of murder, robbery or other serious offences • most of the accused were never caught

  20. Ordeal, jury and ‘community action’ • 12th-c new habit of mind • Men came to doubt the efficiency of judgement by ordeal • This suggests NOT a lack of belief in the existence of a supernatural order, but RATHER a symptom of a more refined spirituality which found something crude in the constant and automatic appeal to the supernatural in earthly matters • Study of Roman Law since the late 11th c opened men’s eyes to the existence of an elaborate system of purely human proof • Structure of society

  21. Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, 1189-1199 • The Angevin Empire Nemesis Philip Augustus (1180-1223) • Crusade • Took the cross 1187 • 1190-92-94 • Robin Hood and problemson the Continent • Taxes continued to pour in: government machinery effective

  22. 3.2 John, 1199-1216 • 1202 Continental dominions forfeited • Isabel of Angoulême • Allies. 1214 Battle of Bouvines • Allegiance of the nobility • Revenues • John’s ‘devious methods’ • Land, lordship, jurisdiction, taxation • Record keeping • 1215: a new kind of focus for revolt: a reform programme • Magna Carta (the Great Charter): towardsconstitutional monarchy

  23. Means of buying time/ unsuccessful peace treaty • In the form of a free grant of concessions • Though in fact John was coerced • Five main areas • The church, • the barons’ financial concerns, • royal courts and the exchequer, • the security clauses, • general principles (39, 12+14) • 1216, 1217, 1225 and later confirmations to 1416

  24. 17th c: Edward Coke and the Stuart absolutism • 18th c: natural law • Early 20th c: Magna Carta as a feudal, reactionary document • But, liberties extended to all Englishmen, • contract principle from lord-vassal relationship to ruler-subject relationship: king subject to law • Cornerstone of the British constitution, source of people’s liberties

  25. 版權聲明

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