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2.2 Cellular Respiration: The Details

2.2 Cellular Respiration: The Details. Melody Nady Dorna Ravamehr Sina Zargarzadeh Maggie Zhao Mr. Ramlochan SBI4U1-04. Importance of Cellular Respiration.

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2.2 Cellular Respiration: The Details

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  1. 2.2 Cellular Respiration:The Details Melody Nady Dorna Ravamehr Sina Zargarzadeh Maggie Zhao Mr. Ramlochan SBI4U1-04

  2. Importance of Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration is so important that if the process is not done perfectly, one could not even move an arm, and performing the simplest everyday tasks would be impossible. • For life to go on, work must be done and energy obtained.

  3. C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) Overall goal of cellular respiration: • To break the bonds between the six carbon atoms of glucose, resulting in six carbon dioxide molecules. • To move hydrogen atom electrons from glucose to oxygen, forming six water molecules. • To trap as much of the free energy released in the process as possible in the form of ATP.

  4. Four stages of cellular respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis: 10-step process occurring in the cytoplasm Stage 2: Pyruvate oxidation Stage 3: The Krebs cycle Stage 4: Electron transport & chemiosmosis

  5. Glycolysis • The word glycolysis is derived from Greek and means breaking down sugar. • “glycol” is similar to glucose and “lyso” which means to break apart. • We are familiar with “lyso” from lysosome and hydrolysis.

  6. Glycolysis= sugar splitting • a metabolic pathway for harnessing energy • converts a 6-carbon glucose to two 3-carbon pyruvates (a.k.a pyruvic acid). • Anaerobic process (no oxygen required) • Takes place in cytoplasm • Makes up the first 10 reactions of cellular respiration metabolic pathway: Series of reactions in which the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction, and each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

  7. Glycolysis only produces 2 out of the ideal 38 ATPs, which is very small BUT • it changes NAD to NADH by adding H to it which is what drives the electron transport chain The electron transport chain produces 34 ATPs

  8. A 6-carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.

  9. Name of Steps • The first 5 steps are also called the investment phase because 2 ATPs are used. • The rest is the pay off phase where 4 ATPs and 2 NADH are produced

  10. Glycolysis in cellular respiration

  11. Step 1 • C6H11O6P1 is G6P or Glucose-6- phospate • Phosphate group attached to carbon #6 C6H12O6+ ATP → ADP + C6H11O6P1 + H+

  12. Step 2 C6H11O6P1→C6H11O6P1 Word equation: Glucose 6-phosphate → Fructose 6-phosphate Simpler version: G6P→F6P • Fructose 6-phosphate is an isomer of G6P

  13. Step 3 C6H11O6P1+ ATP → ADP + C6H10O6P2 simpler version: F6P+ ATP → ADP+ F1,6-BP • F1,6-BP is fructose1,6-biphosphate

  14. Steps 4 and 5 C6H10O6P2 → C3H5O3P1 + C3H5O3P1 F1,6-BP → DHAP+G3P Then immediately: DHAP → G3P Therefore, net reaction is: F1,6-BP → G3P+G3P • DHAP= dihydroxyacetone phosphate • G3P= Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

  15. Step 6 • Each G3P is converted to one BPG: G3P+NAD+→ 1,3-BPG+NADH • There are two G3Ps, so two BPGs will form (two separate reactions occur) • Hydrogen atoms reduce NAD+ to NADH • BPG= 1,3-biphosphoglyceride

  16. Step 7 1,3-BPG+ADP → 3PG+ ATP • Each of BPGs produced in previous reaction are converted into one 3PG (therefore two 3PGs are formed) • A phosphate group on BPG phosphorylates ADP to ATP • 3PG= 3-phosphoglycerate

  17. Step 8 • 3PG is rearranged to 2PG 3PG → 2PG • 2PG= 2-phosphoglycerate • Again, two reactions occur at the same time, producing two 2PGs from two 3PGS

  18. Step 9 • 2PG is converted to PEP by removal of water 2PG → PEP+ H2O • PEP= phosphoenolpyruvate

  19. ...and Step 10 • PEP is converted to pyruvate • A phosphate group on PEP phosphorylates ADP to ATP PEP+ADP→pyruvate+ ATP

  20. Overall chemical equation Glucose+ 2ADP+ 2 Pi + 2NAD+ → 2 pyruvate+ 2ATP+ 2(NADH+H+)

  21. Mitochondria Structure • Cristae: the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane • Matrix: The fluid that fills the interior space of the mitochondrion • Intermembrane space:The fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

  22. Mitochondria • Specialized in ATP production • Processes within it cannot proceed without the presence of oxygen • Only eukaryotic cells contain it • Prokaryotes carry out all stages of cellular respiration within the cytoplasm • Contains a double membrane

  23. Endosymbiosis hypothesis • Mitochondria have their own DNA(mtDNA) which allows them to reproduce. • mtDNA resembles DNA found in prokaryotes such as bacteria • Observation lead scientists to believe that mitochondria are evolutionary descendants of prokaryotes • Prokaryotes had established symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cell ancestors

  24. Bibliography • Ladd McNamara Nutritional Updates. Ladd McNamara. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://mcnamaraupdates.blogspot.com/>. • Biology. Clarksville High School. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://panthernet.wsc.k12.ar.us/msavell/>. • Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Concept Map. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://masterdatasac.com/Servicios_Generales/photosynthesis-and-cellular-respiration-concept-map&page=6 >. • i-biology. Stephen Taylor. 2010. 27 Oct 2011. <http://i-biology.net/>. • Glycolysis. Charles E. Ophardt. 2003. 27 Oct 2011. <http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/601glycolysisrx.html >. • Glycolysis. 2007. 27 Oct 2011. <http://glycolysis.co.uk/>. • Introduction to Cellular Respiration. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/cellresp/respintro.html>. • Specialized Cell Structure and Function. Glen E. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://www.infoplease.com/cig/biology/cellular-respiration.html>. • Cellular Respiration VS Photosynthesis. Stamms. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://stamms.glogster.com/Cellular-Respiration-VS-Photosynthesis/ >. • Cellular Respiration. Mrs. Fritz. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://sdao74u.edu.glogster.com/cellular-respiration >. • Types of Cellular Respiration. Ahow. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://ahows.info/34859-types-of-cellular-respiration.html >. • How to Teach Cellular Respiration. Timothy Banas. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://www.ehow.com/how_6345587_teach-cellular-respiration-kids.html>. • Abnormal respiration. Dohow. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://dohow.info/dh-abnormal-respiration >. • Biology 11. Jentusz. 2011. 27 Oct 2011. <http://bilingualbiology11a.blogspot.com/2010/10/lesson-9-nucleic-compounds-continued.html>.

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