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Programming language history

Programming language history. Created by wordle.net. Tower of Babel, CACM cover, Jan. 1961 Babel: a city in Shinar where the building of a tower is held in Genesis to have been halted by the confusion of tongues a confusion of sounds or voices a scene of noise or confusion --Webster.

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Programming language history

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  1. Programming language history Created by wordle.net

  2. Tower of Babel, CACM cover, Jan. 1961 • Babel: • a city in Shinar where the building of a tower is held in Genesis to have been halted by the confusion of tongues • a confusion of sounds or voices • a scene of noise or confusion • --Webster 03-60-440: Programming language history

  3. Evolution of programming languages OO logic Imperative functional 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 Fortran I Lisp Fortran II Algol 58 Algol 60 Cobol Fortran IV Simula I Basic PL/I Simula 67 Algol 68 Pascal C C Prolog Fortran 77 Modula-2 Scheme ML Smalltalk 80 Smalltalk 80 Ada Common Lisp C++ C++ QuickBasic Oberon Fortran 90 Visual Basic Haskell Delphi Delphi Goedel Ada95 Ada95 Mercury Java Java CAML Fortran 2003 C# mapReduce

  4. FORTRAN (Formula Translator) • It is the first high level programming language • The Preliminary Report, 1954, claims that FORTRAN will virtually eliminate coding and debugging. • Developed by John Backus, at IBM. • Major versions: Fortran II in 1958, Fortran IV in 1961, Fortran 77, Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 (OO support). • Initial versions rely heavily on GOTO statement; • It remains the language of choice for high performance numerical computing in science and engineering communities • Example applications: • Weather and climate modeling, solar system dynamics, simulation of auto crashes.

  5. ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language) • de facto standard way to report algorithms in print • Designed to improve Fortran • John Backus developed the Backus Normal Form method of describing programming languages. • ALGOL 60 inspired many languages that followed it "ALGOL 60 was a great improvement on its successors.“ The full quote is "Here is a language so far ahead of its time, that it was not only an improvement on its predecessors, but also on nearly all its successors" --C. A. R Hoare procedure Absmax(a) Size:(n, m) Result:(y) Subscripts:(i, k); value n, m; array a; integer n, m, i, k; real y; comment The absolute greatest element of the matrix a, of size n by m is transferred to y, and the subscripts of this element to i and k; begininteger p, q; y := 0; i := k := 1; for p:=1 step 1 until n do for q:=1 step 1 until m do if abs(a[p, q]) > y then begin y := abs(a[p, q]); i := p; k := q end end Absmax

  6. The origin of OOP: Simula and Smalltalk • Simula 67: • Developed in 1960’s, by Ole-Johan Dahl • Simulation of complex systems • Introduced objects, classes, and inheritance. • Smalltalk: • Developed at Xerox PARC, initially by Alan Kay, in 1970’s. • First full implementation of an object-oriented language (data abstraction, inheritance, and dynamic type binding) • Pioneered the graphical user interface design • Promoted OOP

  7. Java (and comparison with C++) • Derived from C++. Smaller, simpler, and more reliable • e.g., no pointers, no multiple inheritance, automated garbage collection. • Design philosophy • Java was created to support networking computing, embedded systems. • C++ was created to add OO to C. Support systems programming. • Version history • 1.0: 1996 • 1.2: 1998, Introduced Swing, JIT • 1.4: 2002, assert, regular expression, XML parsing • 1.5 (5): 2004, generics, enumeration • 6: 2006 web service support(JAX WS)

  8. Java and C# • The syntax of both languages is similar to C++, which was in turn derived from C. • Both languages were designed to be object oriented from the ground up; unlike C++, they were not designed to be compatible with C. • Both provide parametric polymorphism by generic classes. • Both languages rely on a virtual machine. • Both the Java VM and the .NET platform optimize code at runtime through just-in-time compilation (JIT). • Both include garbage collection. • Both include boxing and unboxing of primitive types, allowing numbers to be handled as objects. • Both include foreach, an enhanced iterator-based for loop.

  9. Foreach statement: an example of abstraction • Java iteration: traditional way (before 2004) List names = new ArrayList(); names.add("a"); names.add("b"); names.add("c"); for (Iterator it = names.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) { String name = (String)it.next(); System.out.println(name.charAt(0)); } • Java 1.5: for (String name: names) System.out.println(name.charAt(0)); • New loop structure is more declarative.

  10. XML programming • XPath • XQuery • XSLT • JSP • Web service programming

  11. IDE (Integrated Development Environment) • IDE for Java: Eclipse

  12. Turing award (Nobel prize in computer science) recipients relevant to this course

  13. Programming languages: job market • Source: CACM, Volume 48 Issue 10, October 2005 • Data range: April 2002 to April 2005, job posting in north America • Web programming: XML, web scripting, etc. appeared in 42.6% of job ads.

  14. Programming languages used Compiled by François Labelle from statistics on open-source projects at SourceForge

  15. CNN 2006 • http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bestjobs/top50/index.html

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