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History of Youth Work in Estonia - A Struggle Between Actors

History of Youth Work in Estonia - A Struggle Between Actors. Marti Taru. Presentation contents. The core concepts of the seminar „ Golden triangle “ Autonomy Few cases from the history ( of youth work ) of Estonia Final thoughts. The triangle.

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History of Youth Work in Estonia - A Struggle Between Actors

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  1. History of Youth Work in Estonia - A Struggle Between Actors Marti Taru

  2. Presentationcontents • Thecoreconceptsofthe seminar • „Goldentriangle“ • Autonomy • Fewcasesfromthehistory (ofyouthwork) of Estonia • Finalthoughts

  3. Thetriangle • A formofcooperation: jointplanning, jointdecisionmaking, jointaction, legislation, financing, standards, quality • 2 coreelements: • Actors: • Policymakers • Youthworkpractice (NGOs, youthorganisations) • Researchinstitutions, researchers • Relationships: • Moreorlesspermanentnotonlyadhoc • Advisoryboard… , Cooperationbetween…, Youthpolicycouncil, … • The „goldentriangle“ as a sensitizingconcept • Notasanadequatedescriptionofsocial and politicalreality, of real processes, of real actors

  4. Autonomy • the condition of creating one's own laws, whether as an individual, as a community(YW?) or as a whole society. • Auto: 'for' or 'by itself' • Nomos: 'law,' • What are the „laws“ of / foryouthwork? • Goals, aims (thirdsocialisationenvironment? A spaceforexperimenting? Personalitydevelopment? tostruggle (intergenerationaltransferof) socialinequality (inclminorities)?) • Methods (youthorganisation, youthcenter, counsellingservice, hobbyeducation, …) • Professional standards, education and training, accesstothefield • Wherefromdoyouthwork„laws“ come? • Fromactorsinthefield; independence, autonomy • Fromactorsoutsidethefield; dependence, heteronomy • Throughcooperation; autonomythroughdependence?

  5. Questions • Whatdoesrealitytellabout „goldentriangle“ and autonomy • Howmanyactors? • How, bywhom are aims, methods, standards, resourcesdetermined?

  6. Historyof Estonia • Part of Russianempiresince 1710; Baltic landesstaat • Independence I 1918-1940 • Multipartyparliamentarianregimetil 1934 • Presidentialauthoritarianregime 1934-1940 • German occupation 1941-1944 • Sovietoccupation 1944-1991 • Independence II 1991-…

  7. Cases: schoolhobbygroups • Hobbygroupsinprimary and secondaryschools • Thedecisiontokick start thehobbygroupsystemwastakenbyMinistryincooperationwithteachers’ organisations, early 1920s • TheActofSecondarySchools 1922, hobbygroupsunderteachercontrol and supervision • 2(?) actors: theministry and teachers • Decisions on startingthegroups, goals, format and methods • Thegroupsbecamepopular; a successstory

  8. Cases: CURY • CountrywideUnionofRuralYouth • National Agricultural Association startedestablishingyouthclubsinearly 1930s plusanumbrellaorganisation • was managed by adults • employed paid instructors to carry out activities for young people. • main activities:training courses in agricultural and farming skills, study trips and agricultural contests, “summer days” and other leisure activities • Actors: 1 actor • Decisions: to start, format, goals, methods

  9. Cases: pupils’ societies • Pupils’ societies • Pupilssocietiesinschools, 1917 • personality-developmentactivities • TheActofSecondarySchools1922: teachercontroloverthesocieties • thesocietiesdissolvedby 1927 • 2 actors: ministry and pupils’ societies

  10. „Estonian youth“ • TheActofYouthOrganisation, October 1936; AmendmentstotheAct, March 1938 • President asthe head ofyouthorganisations, MinistryofEducationastheexecutivehand • 1938: debates and discussions • Actors: theministry and representativesofyouthorganisations • No consensus • 1939 statuteofa singleyouthorganisation „Estonianyouth“ adopted (+ other YOs disbanded); tobecommencedin 1940 • WWII

  11. Sovietoccupation1945-1991 • Estonian youthworkfunctionedas a part ofall-Unionsystem • Undercontrolof CP and komsomol, alsolargeenterprises and sectorsofeconomy • Students’ and pupils’ workbrigades • Createdas a part ofall-Unionsystem, 1960s • Actors: CommunistParty / Komsomol, enterprises • Hobbyeducation, includingsports • Createdas a part of all-Unionsystem • Actors: state, enterprises

  12. IndependenceII, 1991-… • DefenceLeagueBoys and GirlsCorps • Restoredin 1989 (early 1990s) • Currently a specialorganisationof DL • „In-house“ youthleadertrainingsystem • Actor: DefenceLeague • Politicalpartyyouthchapters • Early 1990s • Actors: politicalparties, youthgroups

  13. Independence II, 1991-… • Youthcenters • Startedin 1998, currentlyapprox 250 • Actors: municipalities, youthworkers, ministry • Hobbyeducation • Continued on fromSoviettimes • Actors: municipalities, theministry and NGOs

  14. Independence II, 1991-… • Strategicdocuments • Youthfielddevelopmentplan 2014-2020 • Involvementof a range ofactors and interestgroups • NationalYouthPolicyCouncil • Representationofdifferentactors

  15. Recurringpatterns • Howmanyactors? • 1? 2? 3? many? • The number ofsignificantactorshasincreased • Whereare researchers? • Onestrong dominant actor • A bigorganisation, municipality, theministry • Configurations are contextspecific • Stronginfluenceofpoliticalregime • Moreactors on nationallevel, less on lowerlevelevenifbig and significantorganisation

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