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GLACIERS

GLACIERS. Chapter 6 Test 3 material. ASSIGNMENT. 1 –2 PAGE REPORT DUE IN ONE WEEK ON “HOW GLACIERS HAVE IMPACTED THE LANDSCAPE IN ILLINOIS”. ICEBERG. GLACIER. LARGE MASS OF ICE, RESTING ON LAND OR FLOATING AS AN ICE SHELF IN THE SEA ADJACENT TO LAND 85% OF ALL GLACIAL ICE IS IN ANTARCTICA.

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GLACIERS

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  1. GLACIERS Chapter 6 Test 3 material

  2. ASSIGNMENT • 1 –2 PAGE REPORT DUE IN ONE WEEK ON “HOW GLACIERS HAVE IMPACTED THE LANDSCAPE IN ILLINOIS”

  3. ICEBERG

  4. GLACIER • LARGE MASS OF ICE, RESTING ON LAND OR FLOATING AS AN ICE SHELF IN THE SEA ADJACENT TO LAND • 85% OF ALL GLACIAL ICE IS IN ANTARCTICA

  5. Glaciers

  6. EIZEIT • TERMED COINED BY SWISS SCIENTIST, LOUIS AGASSIZ TO DESCRIBE THE COLD PERIODS ON EARTH • TRANSLATED IT MEANS “ICE AGE”

  7. SNOWLINE • THE LOWEST ELEVATION WHERE SNOW CAN SURVIVE YEAR-ROUND • HIGHER ELEVATIONS IN EQUATORIAL AREAS • LOWER ELEVATIONS IN POLAR AREAS

  8. TYPES OF GLACIERSALPINE • MOUNTAINOUS AREAS • VALLEY GLACIER IS CONFINED TO A STREAM FORMED VALLEY IN A MOUNTAIN AREA

  9. ALPINE GLACIER

  10. TYPES OF GLACIERSCONTINENTAL • ICE SHEET • ICE CAP • ICE FIELD

  11. HOW DO GLACIERS FORM? • SNOW THAT SURVIVES THE SUMMER AND INTO THE FOLLOWING WINTER BEGINS A SLOW TRANSFORMATION PROCESS. TAKES MAYBE 200 FEET OF ICE TO APPLY PRESSURE FOR THIS CONVERSION TO TAKE PLACE

  12. ANATOMY OF A GLACIER • FRACTURE ZONE - THIS IS WHERE WE FIND CREVASSES THAT EXTEND DOWNWARD 200 FEET • PLASTIC ZONE - OOZE & FLOW • FRICTION ZONE - SLOWED BY BEDROCK

  13. GLACIAL BALANCE • ACCUMULATION • ABLATION • GLACIER RETREATS IF ABLATION EXCEEDS ACCUMULATION • GLACIER ADVANCES IF ACCUMULATION EXCEEDS ABLATION

  14. GLACIAL EROSION • ICE HAS NO EQUAL IN TRANSPORTING SEDIMENT FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER • CAN CARRY BOULDER-SIZED MATERIAL HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY FROM ORIGIN

  15. TYPES OF GLACIAL EROSION • ABRASION - ICE CARRIES ROCK FRAGMENTS AND FILES AND GRINDS SOLID ROCK PRODUCING STRIATIONS • PLUCKING - ICE LOOSENS BLOCKS OF ROCK UPWARD CONSOLIDATING THEM INTO THE MASS OF ICE

  16. STOSS & LEE TOPOGRAPHY • STOSS SIDE HAS ABRASION • LEE SIDE HAS PLUCKING • PRODUCES ROCHE MOUTONNEE

  17. GLACIAL EROSION • STREAMS PRODUCE V-SHAPED VALLEYS • GLACIERS FLOW INTO THESE AND CHANGE THEM TO U-SHAPED TROUGHS

  18. ALPINE EROSIONAL FEATURES • ARETES • COL - PASS • HORN • TARN • PATERNOSTER • CIRQUE

  19. ARETES

  20. HANGING VALLEY • FJORD OR FIORD

  21. DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES • DRIFT - TERMED USED FOR ALL GLACIAL DEPOSITS • TILL - UNSORTED MATERIAL LEFT BY GLACIERS • OUTWASH - SORTED MATERIAL LEFT BY MELTING GLACIAL STREAMS • GLACIAL ERRATICS

  22. GLACIAL TILL

  23. MORAINESRIDGES OF TILL • LATERAL - SIDES OF GLACIER • MEDIAL - TWO LATERALS JOIN • END - AT END OF GLACIER • TERMINAL - ULTIMATE ADVANCE OF GLACIER

  24. RECESSIONAL - AS GLACIER EBBS AND RETREATS • GROUND - DEPOSITS IN AN AREA ONCE OCCUPIED BY GLACIER

  25. DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES • ESKER - SINUOUS RIDGES OF WELL-SORTED SAND AND GRAVEL THAT ARE FORMED IN STREAM TUNNELS UNDER A STAGNANT GLACIER • OUTWASH PLAIN - AREA IN FRONT OF END MORAINE THAT IS FLAT DUE TO GLACIAL MELTWATER DEPOSITS

  26. KAME - SMALL HILL OF POORLY SORTED SAND AND GRAVEL • KETTLE - MELTED ISOLATED BLOCK OF ICE LEFT BY GLACIER • DRUMLIN - ELONGATED STREAMLINED HILLS COMPOSED OF EVERY TYPE OF DRIFT - BUNKER HILL

  27. DRUMLIN • http://www.pma.edmonton.ab.ca/vpub/geology/english/mineral.htm

  28. PLEISTOCENE ICE AGE • CONSISTS OF GLACIAL PERIODS (WHEN CONTINENTAL ICE SHEETS EXTENDED SOUTHWARD) AND INTERGLACIAL PERIODS (WARM PERIODS WHEN ICE RETREATED TO POLAR REGIONS)

  29. GLACIAL • NEBRASKAN • KANSAN • ILLINOIAN • WISCONSINAN

  30. INTER GLACIAL • AFTONIAN • YARMOUTHIAN • SANGAMONIAN • POST GLACIAL (RECENT)

  31. WHAT CAUSED CLIMATE TO CHANGE? • MILUTAN MILANKOVITCH, A YUGOSLAVIAN SCIENTIST CLAIMED THAT THE EARTH’S ORBIT MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN CONSTANT AROUND THE SUN OR THE EARTH’S AXIS WOBBLES OR CHANGES ITS TILT

  32. PERIGLACIAL • PERIMETER OF GLACIATION • PERMAFROST - PERMANENTLY FROZEN GROUND. WATER IN GROUND IS FROZEN BELOW THE SURFACE AS CLOSE AS 6 INCHES TO 161/2 FEET BELOW SURFACE • ACTIVE LAYER IS ABOVE THE PERMAFROST

  33. PERIGLACIAL FEATURES • FROST WEDGING - SHATTERING OF ROCK WITHIN THE ACTIVE LAYER • FROST HEAVING - UPWARD MOVEMENT OF ROCK LOOSENED BY WEDGING • FROST THRUSTING - ROCK FRAGMENTS MOVE HORIZONTALLY

  34. Frost wedging

  35. PERIGLACIAL FEATURES • PINGOS - MOUND LIKE HILLS WITH AN ICE CORE • FELSENMEER - SLOPES COVERED BY BLOCKY PIECES OF ROCK COVERING A LARGE AREA

  36. PINGO

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