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Modern Classification sorts organisms into groups shows relationships among them

Modern Classification sorts organisms into groups shows relationships among them. Phylogeny Systematics Cladistics. Classification and Diversity. Classification - tries to organize all living things into groups - show how they evolved from earlier life forms

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Modern Classification sorts organisms into groups shows relationships among them

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  1. Modern Classificationsorts organisms into groupsshows relationships among them Phylogeny Systematics Cladistics

  2. Classification and Diversity Classification - tries to organize all living things into groups - show how they evolved from earlier life forms - show relationships to other present forms - changes with new information Early Systems Aristotle - by environment: land, water, air John Ray (1600s) - in related groups - short description for each species

  3. Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus – Swedish botanist, 1700s used physical appearance and structure • 7 taxa: from broad to specific • Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order • - Family – Genus – Species Binomial Nomenclature - two names for each Genus: group to which it belongs species: 1-2 word description Ex. Homo sapiens

  4. Evidence for Classification Many forms: - physical appearance and structure (morphology) - other present organisms - fossils - molecules, especially DNA, RNA, proteins - embryology patterns Various organizing diagrams

  5. Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships • Physical appearance and structure • Resemblance to other organisms

  6. Fossils Embryo Development

  7. Phylogeny and Systematics Taxonomy – sort and name organisms Phylogeny - Evolutionary history of a group of organisms - shows common ancestry Systematics - combines taxonomy with evolution - organized way to study diversity and relationships

  8. Taxonomy – sorting and naming Species – individual type of organism Genus – group of related species Scientific Name = Genus & species Family – related genera Order – related families Class – related orders Phylum – related classes Kingdom – related phyla Domain – Three Domain System

  9. Phylogeny – evolution history

  10. Simplest relationships make the most likely phylogenetic trees

  11. Phylogeny -compares structure Homologous – similar structure, with adaptations - shows common ancestry

  12. Analogous structures • Evolved in similar environments • NOT shared ancestry

  13. Cladistics Tries to show evolutionary relationships based on physical traits shared by different groups of organisms

  14. Cladograms More shared traits = more closely related Derived character – more recent branch from evolutionary line Primitive character - older, shared by more groups

  15. Molecular Systematics • Compares molecules to find relationships

  16. Student Mushroom Tulip Common ancestor Figure 15.9B • Ribosomal RNA • Have shown that fungi are more closely related to humans than to green plants

  17. DNA – Compare genes and DNA sequences • - many similar sequences = closely related

  18. Human Chimpanzee Gorilla Orangutan Common ancestor Figure 15.9C • More shared genes = closer relationship

  19. Molecular Clocks • Some regions of DNA or proteins • Change at a fairly consistent rate • Can date evolutionary events

  20. Five- Kingdoms System (Classification is a work in progress!) • Prokaryotes are in one Kingdom – Monera • Eukaryotes are grouped in separate kingdoms • Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists

  21. Six-Kingdom System • Bacteria are divided into two kingdoms, based on their chemical nature

  22. Three Domain System • One domain for all eukaryotes • One domain for each of the two kinds of bacteria

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