Plant Selection

1. Plant Selection Landscape Management

2. Plant Selection for Low Water Landscapes • Requires more knowledge of plants than conventional approaches • Historically, plants selected from a limited “palette” for specific aesthetic and some functional traits (i.e. shade) • Lack of adaptation to given set of conditions made up for by management input • Low water landscapes require detailed knowledge about adaptation during selection

3. Selection Criteria: Ornamental • Type • Tree=>specimens, shade, screening, architectural effect; the “ceiling” • Shrubs=> specimens, screening, color; the “walls” • Perennials/bunch grasses/ground cover=> color, surface cover, texture

4. Selection Criteria: Environmental Traits • Cold tolerance-either or • Sun/shade requirements-how well does plant grow • Pruning needs-nuisance issues • Soil requirements-drainage, fertility • Water requirements-drought tolerance

5. Why We Have What We Have • Our landscapes derived from northern Europe • High rainfall, natural grass, grazed swards • Imbedded trees, fringed with shrubs, annuals • Imported across the US, including the SW deserts

6. Why We Have What We Have • Current paradigm: • English landscape with extensive use of turfgrass across country • Works well • The grass sward works well for recreation and park areas • Often used mindlessly as the sole option in surface cover

7. Why We Have What We Have • Most non turf plants also derived from high rainfall climates • Trees are popular, and big trees only found where there is high rainfall; mesic climates. Attractive shrubs also from mesic climates • Woody plants from mesic climates easy to propagate and grow in nurseries, landscapes • Annuals chosen for color

8. Components of Low Water Landscaping: Design • Practical design aspects of low water landscaping • Non uniform plant layout • Hardscape that does not require irrigation • Spacing that provides plants with more rooting volume • Qualitative design aspects • Creating and honoring a sense of place • Recreating or being inspired by natural patterns

9. Components of Low Water Landscaping: Plant Material • Practical aspects: choosing drought adapted plant material • By designing in space and non-uniformity, any plant can be more drought tolerant • Qualitative aspects • Creating (reinforcing) a sense of place • Telling a story and giving meaning

10. Intermountain West Native Plants: Sources • Again, using drought-adapted plants suited to particularly dry conditions requires careful knowledge of a particular species’ requirements • Adaptation can vary within a species depending on geographic source of seed • =Provenance of a seed source • Provenance critical in revegetating natural sites with most adapted plant material; using seed collected from that site

11. Intermountain West Native Plants: Sources • Cultivars- (CULTivated VARiety) are selected from within a species for certain traits, mostly ornamental but sometimes environmental; most of the time clonally propagated=genetically uniform • Seed stock-plants grown from seed, genetically • Genetically uniform plants creates uniform look and behavior, but may be susceptible to disease attack=monoculture • Genetically diverse plants closer to natural state, but may be uneven in terms of appearance

12. Provenance • Found in widely scattered locations in SW up to SE Idaho • Example bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) • Southern populations likely to be less cold hardy as northern populations • Cultivars likely to be selected from northern provenance for most cold tolerance • Fall color varies within a population and can be selected for

13. Intermountain West Native Plants: Selecting • Tremendous craving for new plants in horticultural circles, both cultivars and species • Most of US has been exploited for horticultural plant material; many native plant groups around the country • Intermountain West is relatively undiscovered regarding horticultural potential • Current introductions from Intermountain West (IMW) mostly riparian and montane species • IMW plants from dry communities harder to grow • Utah has 3,000+ species, many perennial wild flowers; undiscovered horticultural treasure trove

14. Intermountain West Native Plants: Sources of Problems • Proposing alternatives to existing way we landscape threatens some people and groups • Undermine perceived cultural values, sense of control • LA’s, landscapers who think they know what they are doing, but don’t • Interpret natives/low water=day lillies, dogwood • Using native low water plant indiscriminately regarding how individual plants work together, availability

15. Intermountain West Native Plants: Selecting • HOWEVER, how to make sense of all those species? • Plants are difficult for general public to make sense; native and drought adaptation even more difficult • USU and Intermountain Native Plant Growers Association selected 40 best Utah native species for promotion Plant Select • Few trees, since few trees are native • Mostly shrubs and perennial wildflowers • Most generally available, relative easy to produce and will stay alive in landscapes • Similar to plant introduction programs around the country

16. Co-sponsors:Utah State University Center for Water-Efficient LandscapingUtah Botanic CenterUtah Native Plant Society A tagging and educational program promoting the use of water-wise native plants in Intermountain landscapes Intermountain Native Plant Growers Association

17. The program includes:Picture plant tags for 40 species of Intermountain native plants, available for purchase at cost from INPGA by wholesale and retail nurseriesPlant signs with color photos and cultural information for use in retail nursery displayA full-color promotional posterIInformation brochures available for free distribution through: USU extension offices water conservancy district offices other interested organizationsPublic education

19. Plant Selection The 40 species included in Utah’s Choice for 2003 were selected by a panel of horticultural experts representing the sponsoring organizations. All the species are native to the Intermountain West. They were chosen on the basis of outstanding beauty, flexibility, ease of culture, and availability. Not all the species meet all these criteria, but all meet the criterion of outstanding beauty. Dozens more species could qualify for Utah’s Choice— we plan to add many more species in coming years.

20. A word about watering New transplants of even very drought-hardy species need weekly watering until root systems become established. Establishment can take a month to a full season, depending on species and time of transplanting. Grasses and perennials establish quickly, while shrubs and trees generally take longer. After Establishment Very low water use – deep-water 1-2 times a summer during drought Low water use – deep-water every 4-6 weeks Medium water use – deep-water every 2-4 weeks High water use – deep-water every 1-2 weeks

21. Intermountain West Native Plants: Selecting • 40 plants is limiting, and many good ones to choose from • USU/Utah Botanical Center working on second waterwise book that takes top 100 IMW/Utah native plants, and shows how to design with these plants • More affordable • Class project will be used as an example in the book

22. Intermountain West Native Plants: Selecting • Trees: 16 species, 2 large conifers,7 medium/smallish trees, 7 shrubby small trees • Succulents: 2 yuccas • Vines: 2 • Shrubs: 26, 10 evergreen • Ground covers: 5 evergreen species • Perennial wildflowers: 40, including 10 penstemons • Bunch grasses: 9, including buffalograss as an honorary native species

23. Intermountain West Native Plants: Selecting • These top 100 do not exhaust the potential of IMW native species as landscape plants • Some may drop, others added to make the list 100+ • The second book and list of 100 will further spur nurseries to produce these plants, and you to design and use them • Knowledge of these plants and how they can be used is a powerful tool