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TODAY

TODAY. Iberian roots of Conquest-quick review Early Spanish colonial institutions Spanish Colonial Settlement patterns. Last Time-Questions?. Iberian history & Latin American Conquest. Iberian Issues for Latin American Conquest. Iberia settled by Romans in 300 CE Impacts for Americas:

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TODAY

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  1. TODAY • Iberian roots of Conquest-quick review • Early Spanish colonial institutions • Spanish Colonial Settlement patterns

  2. Last Time-Questions? • Iberian history & Latin American Conquest

  3. Iberian Issues for Latin American Conquest • Iberia settled by Romans in 300 CE • Impacts for Americas: • tradition of latifundia (lg estates); • urban living preference • Class structure and primogeniture • Preference for cattle and horses as proper for gentlemen • Primogeniture • Christianity

  4. Implications of the Reconquista for Latin America • Border war to expand the faith • War to expand territorial control • New towns • Victors get “tribute” AND land • Looting => value in “portable” wealth • War = opportunity for glory and riches • Secular and religious motives mixed • Iberia misses our on initial stages of Renaissance

  5. Spanish colonial policies & practices in the Americas • The 3 “Gs” • Glory (conquest mentality from 700 yrs of war) • Gold (seizure or portable wealth andn use of Amerindians to create more) • God (Christianize Indians and conquer lands for Christianity)

  6. N. Atlantic Gyre Treaty Line Tordesilles 1493-4 Spanish Portuguese Early Portuguese & Spanish Explorations

  7. Spanish Colonial economics • Focused on extraction to enrich Motherland • Portable wealth • Indian labor to create portable wealth • Mercantile model • Control of trade, production, immigration

  8. Spanish colonial labor institutions I: Encomienda • Early in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Peru • Tribute (tax) and labor service paid to a conqueror (as reward for conquest) from each head of household (tributario) in a population in a specified area • Also seen as payment for education in the holy faith (Santa Fe) and for “protection” • Laws thought to control the greedy conquerors – i.e., for protection of the Indians

  9. Encomienda • Not a land grant per se • Initially only for lifetime of encomendero => temptation for exploitation • Outcry from clerics (Bartolome de las Casas) about mistreatment • Failed as Indian pops crashed • Declining populations gave rise to calls from Indian leaders for new counts

  10. Sample Folio from Visita of Yanquecollaguas, Colca Valley, Peru 1604 Shows tributario (don Pedro Quispe) and his dependents (and earlier deaths with the ts)

  11. Spanish colonial labor institutions II: Repartimiento • After 1542 in Mexico and Peru • Forced labor draft with paid wages • Most impressive early colonial building (e.g., churches) done under this system • Somewhat similar to pre-Columbian Coatequitl (Aztec) and Mitá (Inka) labor tribute systems • Legacy still evident all over the landscape

  12. Santa Pricina, Taxco, Mexico

  13. Santa Pricina, Taxco, Mexico

  14. Santa Pricina, Taxco, Mexico

  15. Tepoztitlan Mexico

  16. Tepoztitlan Mexico

  17. San Antonio, Honduras

  18. 16th C church Antigua, Guatemala

  19. Near Antigua, Guatemala (collapsed by earthquakes)

  20. Earthquake damaged church in Colca V, Peru

  21. Spanish Colonial Settlement I • Initial Spanish occupancy pattern • Tie main ports to Spanish motherland • Economy focused on extraction to Spain not local connections => • Dual system • Euro cities with close ties to Spain • Indian areas in the periphery -- carries down to today • This early pattern still visible in the “dual economy” of Latin America

  22. Spanish Colonial Settlement II • Caribbean settlements • Fortified ports • Strategic locations • Virtual extinction of Amerindians in Caribbean • Experiments with Mediterranean animals & crops • Caribbean settlements after 1519 • Increasingly unimportant • Except for a few strategic locations for the shipments back to Spain • Crop & animal experiments • Imprint still

  23. Havana • San Juan • • Santo Domingo Cartagena • Panama •

  24. Treasure Convoys (flotas) Havana • • • • • • •

  25. Urban types & functions I • Mexico & Central America • Administrative cities: • Mexico City, Antigua • Commercial and transport cities • Veracruz, Acapulco, Panama City • Mining Centers • Zacatecas, Guanajuato • Agricultural Centers • Guadalajara, Puebla, Querétaro • “Industrial” Centers • Puebla, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca

  26. Urban types & functions II • Caribbean • Administrative cities: • Havana, Santo Domingo, San Juan • Commercial and transport cities • Havana

  27. Urban types & functions III • South America • Administrative cities: • Lima, Bogotá, Quito • Commercial and transport cities • Callao, Cartagena • Mining Centers • Potosí • Agricultural Centers • Arequipa, Santiago • “Industrial” Centers • Quito, Cuenca

  28. Zacatecas • • San Luis Potosí • • Querètaro Guanajuato • • Tlaxcala • • • Veracruz Guadalara Puebla Mexico City • Oaxaca • Acapulco

  29. • Antigua Panama •

  30. Havana • • • San Juan Santo Domingo Cartagena • Panama •

  31. Cartagena • • Bogotá • Quito • Cuenca • • Lima Callao • • Arequipa Potosí

  32. Urban Morphology in Spanish America: 2 types • “Freeform” mostly mining towns • E.g., Guanajuanto or Taxco • Grid system cities — virtually ALL the rest • Patterned on the new towns settled in Spain during the re-conquest • Central square (plaza, plaza de armas, zócalo) surrounded by: • Church • Seat of local government • High-class residences and shops

  33. Taxco, Mexico

  34. Central Mexico City

  35. Cathedral & Zócalo, Mexico City

  36. Cusco, Peru Plaza de Armas

  37. Plaza in Querétaro, Mexico

  38. Antigua, Guatemala

  39. Antigua, Guatemala

  40. Antigua, Guatemala

  41. Spanish Colonial Settlement • World of the Spanish (and their servants etc.) • Urban society as much as possible • Closer to center = higher prestige • Spaniards settled where wealth was to be had • African World in Spanish America • Plantation slaves • As servants and craftspeople in Spanish cities

  42. Spanish Colonial Settlement II • The Indian world, the so called “República de los Indios” (for high density Amerindian societies in Mexico, Guatemala, Andes) • Rural • Townships • Follow old encomienda and parish boundaries • Spanish resettlement (1550s & 1600 in Mexico, 1570s in Peru) • Called congregación or reducción • Role of missions in less settled areas • Missions of mendicant friars (Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, etc.)

  43. San Xavior de Bac Jesuit Mission near Tucson, AZ

  44. San Xavior de Bac Jesuit Mission near Tucson, AZ

  45. Spanish American Hierarchies • Social distinctions among Spaniards – mostly an urban phenomena • Racial distinctions – races separate to a degree • Over time spatial hierarchy became: • Mulattos and mestizos in smaller more remote Spanish cities or haciendas; • Creoles and Spaniards in larger cities; • Indians and Africans either urban servants or in rural areas

  46. Relative Populations mid 1500s mid 1600s Spanish 250,000 400,000 (thus a small minority for most of colonial times) African 100,000 225,00 Indian 50 million 5 million million • By 1810: Spanish descent = 20%; Indian descent = 45%; Mestizo = 33%; African = 4%

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