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Chapter Nineteen India, China, and Japan: From Medieval to Modern Times

Chapter Nineteen India, China, and Japan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Culture and Values Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus, 8th Ed. Pre-Medieval India. 500-=1000 c.e. in North & South India establishment of major cities Hinduism & Buddhism dominate religions

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Chapter Nineteen India, China, and Japan: From Medieval to Modern Times

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  1. Chapter NineteenIndia, China, and Japan:From Medieval to Modern Times Culture and Values Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus, 8th Ed.

  2. Pre-Medieval India 500-=1000 c.e. in North & South India establishment of major cities Hinduism & Buddhism dominate religions Periods of peace & prosperity linked with religious dominance and flourishing of culture like architecture, poetry, Hindu temples cave temples Statues in Copper alloys or Bronze

  3. Seated Buddha Expounding the Dharma, Late Anuradhapura period (750–850), late 8th centurySri LankaCopper alloy Seated Crowned and jeweled Buddha, Pala period (ca. 700–1200), late 10th century; Kurkihar styleBihar, IndiaBronze with silver, lapis lazuli, and rock-crystal inlays

  4. Pre-Medieval India 1000-1400 c.e. In the North, Buddhism wanes while Islam moves in with Muslim expansion 1000-1250 miniature paintings become popular—religious manuscript paintings. Buddhist and Jainism work: linear, flat style, and limited palette. Jain temples erected Urdu language develops 1225: The Qutb Minar, tallest minaret—a tower from which the adhan, or call to prayer, is announced, built in Delhi Pair of manuscript covers with Buddhist deities, late 11th century Nepal Distemper on wood; Each: 2 1/8 x 22 1/8 in. (5.4 x 56.2 cm) Fletcher and Rogers Funds, 1976 (1976.192.1-2)

  5. The Qutb Minar

  6. Pre-Medieval India: South 1000-1400 c.e. Buddhism declines; Islam becomes dominate religion except for Sri Lanka Brihadeshvara Temple 1000 ce built 1000-1300 Metal sculptures produced in Chola kingdom Jain temple of Mount Abu 1030 ce. 1290 Marco Polo lands in Tamil Nadu and sails up Malabar Coast on return from China. 1343 Vijayanagar, capital city, is built

  7. Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja), Chola period (ca. 860–1279), ca. 11th century, Tamil Nadu, India, Copper alloy; H. 26 7/8 in. (68.3 cm), Diam. 22 1/4 in. (56.5 cm)Gift of R. H. Ellsworth Ltd., in honor of Susan Dillon, 1987 (1987.80.1) • Dilwara Jain Temple - Mount Abu

  8. India: The Mughal Empire • 1398 Monguls sack Dehli led by Timur • 1414-1451 battles between Indian and Monguls • Babur, succeeds/son of Timur (1483-1530) • 1498 Portuguese arrive on west coast of India • 1510 Portuguese control of East India spice trade • 1523 Battle of Panipat=rule of Mughal dynasty • Akbar (1542-1605) Akbar ruler of Mughal dynasty-policy of religious tolerance • India as center of civilization • Urdu language • Artistic blend of Hindu, Persian, and Islamic elements

  9. IndiaMughal Art Architecture • Mosques, palaces, walled cities, forts • Indian techniques, Arabic innovations • Dome, pointed arch, minaret • Taj Mahal at Agra (Shah Jehan) • Tomb, monument for Banu Begam

  10. 19.2 The Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Built 1632–1649

  11. IndiaMughal Art Literature • Babur’s Baba-nama (Turkish) • Literary devotion of Homayun • Poetry (Persian)

  12. IndiaMughal Art Visual Arts • Book illustrations, miniatures • Secular • Realistic scenes from courtly life • Persian influences • calligraphy

  13. Calligraphic dish, 'Adil Shahi period (1490–1686), ca. 1600India, Deccan, BijapurCopper alloy; cast; H. 1/4 in. (0.6 cm), Diam. 5 7/8 in. (14.9 cm)

  14. 19.3 Basawan and Chatar Muni, Akbar and the Elephant Hawai, c. 1590

  15. The Gopis Beseech Krishna to Return Their Clothing: Page from the Dispersed "Isarda" Bhagavata Purana(Ancient Stories of Lord Vishnu), ca. 1560–65India, probably Delhi–Agra area Ink and opaque watercolor on paper; 7 5/8 x 10 1/8 in. (19.4 x 25.7 cm) Gift of the H. Rubin Foundation, Inc. 1972 (1972.260)

  16. Carpet with palm trees, ibexes, and birds, Mughal period (1526–1858), late 16th–early 17th centuryPresent–day Pakistan, LahoreCotton (warp and weft), wool (pile); asymmetrically knotted pile; L. 328 in. (833.1 cm), W. 108 in. (274.3 cm)Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917 (17.190.858)

  17. IndiaThe End of Mughal Rule and the Arrival of the British • 1600 Queen Elizabeth I grants charter to East India Company • 1605-1627 Jahangir succeeds Akbar: blends Indian & Persian cultures-flourishing of art • Aurangzeb (1618-1707) • Islam vs. Hindu • Sikhism • 1627-1658 Shah Jahan succeeds Jahangir-builds Taj Mahal • 1641 British East India Trading Company sets up first factories • 1741 Battle of Plassey: East India Company gains control of Bengal. • India as “Jewel in the Crown” of Britain • Controlled by British government by 1849

  18. The Glorification of Akbar: Leaf from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal, period of Jahangir (1605–27)Attributed to Govardhan (active ca. 1596–1645)Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper

  19. Four Portraits: Leaf from the Shah Jahan Album, Mughal, period of Jahangir (1605–27), ca. 1610–15By Balchand, Daulat, MuradIndiaInk, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper

  20. IndiaThe Rise of Nationalism • India’s National Congress Party • Strive for self-rule • Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) • Satyagraha • Visual Arts • Subodh Gupta (b. 1964) • Satyajit Ray (1921-1992)

  21. Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit His Beloved, ca. 1800–1810 Attributed to Chokha (Indian, active 1799–1825) India (Rajasthan, Mewar) Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper; overall 12 1/4 x 16 1/8 in. (31.1 x 41 cm)

  22. A Syce Holding Two Carriage Horses, mid-19th century India (Calcutta) Ink and opaque watercolor on paper; 12 x 20 in. (30.5 x 50.8 cm)

  23. View of a Mosque and Gateway in Motijhil Bengal, British period (1858–1947), ca. 1814–23 Attributed to Sita Ram (Indian, active 1814–23) India, Bengal Opaque watercolor on paper; painting: H. 13 in. (33 cm), W. 19 1/4 in. (48.9 cm)

  24. Pavement School, Jaipur, 1948 Henri Cartier–Bresson (French, 1908–2004) India Gelatin silver print; 13 7/16 x 8 7/8 in. (34.2 x 22.6 cm)

  25. Chess Players, Banaras Floods, 1967, printed 1991 Raghubir Singh (Indian, 1942–1999) Chromogenic print; 10 x 14 7/8 in. (25.4 x 37.8 cm)

  26. 19.6 Subodh Gupta, Silk Route, 2007

  27. JapanEarly Japanese History and Culture • Capital from Nara to Kyoto • Shift from Buddhism to Shintoism • Japanese writing system, literature • Poetry • Theater (Noh plays) • Murasaki’s novel Tale of Genji • Shonagon’s pillow-book

  28. JapanThe Period of Feudal Rule • Kakamura (1185) • Samurai-dokoro, Shogun • Control of samurai • Rise of the warrior class • Age of the Warring States (1467-1568) • Daimyo vs. Shogun • Introduction of firearms

  29. JapanThe Period of Feudal Rule • Landscapes, portraits, and narrative scrolls • The Three Sacred Shrines at Kumano • Homage to Japanese landscape • The Sage Kuya Invoking the Amida Buddha • Realism • Attempt to render speech

  30. 19.20The Three Sacred Shrines at Kumano: Kumano Mandala, ca. 1300

  31. JapanThe Edo Period • Rule of the Tokugawa family (1543-1868) • Japanese versions of landscapes • Gentler colors, heightened abstraction • Hasegawa Tohaku (1760-1849) • Woodblock art • Hokusai Katsushika (1760-1849)

  32. 19.22 Hasegawa Tohaku, Pine Forest, late 16th century

  33. 19.23 Katsushika Hokusai, Underthe Wave Off Kanagawa, c. 1831

  34. JapanThe Edo Period • Basho’s Haiku • Buddhist, Zen Buddhist reflections • Crucial detail of landscapes • Saikaku, Life of an Amorous Woman • Overt eroticism, tales of homosexuality • Monzaemon, The Love Suicide at Amijima • Kabuki drama

  35. Modern Japan:The Meiji • Commodore Perry, trade with America • Mitsuhito’s “Enlightened Government” • Radical program of reform • Strong central government • Military program • Industrialization

  36. JapanContemporary Japanese Arts • Akira Kurosawa (Japan) • Rashomon (1950), Seven Samurai (1954), Kagemusha (1980), Throne of Blood (1957), Ran (1985) • Hybridity in the Visual Arts • Godzilla: King of the Monsters! • Takashi Murakami (b. 1962) • Pop art

  37. Chapter Nineteen: Discussion Questions • To what extent did religious and cultural tolerance of the Moghal empire affect the arts of the period? Explain, citing specific examples. What was the effect of a loss of tolerance? • What were the positive effects of China’s resistance to Western cultural influences? How did the country’s isolation ultimately serve to undo it political and social stability? Explain. • What was the function of art in Communist China? Explain. • What was the result of outside influence into Japanese culture during the Period of Feudal Rule and beyond into the Meiji? Consider the far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) of this influence to the people and culture of Japan.

  38. ChinaThe Song Dynasty • Instituted civil-service examinations • Meritocracy • Ability and education important • Created printing with moveable type • Magnetic compasses • Song Dynasty Art • Fan Kuan (ca. 960-1030) • Monumental style • Zhou Jichang

  39. 19.7Travelers Among Mountains and Streams, ca. 1000

  40. ChinaThe Ming Dynasty • Political, economic stability • Cultural enrichment • Confucianism • New literary genres • Huaben • Novels • Stage plays

  41. ChinaThe Ming Dynasty Art and Architecture • Landscape paintings • Human form in natural setting • Artistic attitudes • “change within tradition” • No distinctions between major art forms • Painted ceramicware, “China” • Lacquerware

  42. 19.10 Lacquerware table with drawers, ca. 1426-1435

  43. ChinaThe Ming Dynasty Art and Architecture • Architecture tied to Confucianism • Kublai Khan (c. 1216-1294) • Marco Polo (c. 1254-1324) • The Forbidden City • South vs. North • Traditional symbolic values

  44. 19.12 Hall of Supreme Harmony, The Forbidden City, Beijing, China

  45. ChinaThe Qing Dynasty • Kangxi (1654-1722) • Synthesized local, central administration • Introduced Western arts, education • Jesuit missionaries • Qing Dynasty Literature • 300 Tang Poems • Qing Dynasty Art • Further developed porcelain ceramics • Shitao (1641-1707)

  46. 19.13 Thousand Flowers vase, 1736-1795

  47. 19.14 Shitao,“River-bank of Peach Blossoms,” ca. 1700

  48. The Qing Dynasty:China and the Western Powers • Western Trade and Chinese Independence • Opium War (1839-1842) • Internal rebellions weakened gov’t • Tai Ping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion • The Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule • Republican Revolution • Sun Yat-sen • Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-tung

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