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1. rpWtu; vd;why; ahu; ? 2. Vd; rpWtu;fs; eyptile;jtu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;? 3. rpWtu;fis eyptilar; nra;git vit? 4. cupik vd;why; vd;d?. vq;fSf;F Ntz;bait vd;d? Njitfs; vd;d?.
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1. rpWtu; vd;why; ahu;? 2. Vd; rpWtu;fs; eyptile;jtu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;? 3. rpWtu;fis eyptilar; nra;git vit? 4. cupik vd;why; vd;d?
vq;fSf;F Ntz;bait vd;d? Njitfs; vd;d? rpy rkaq;fspy; rpy nghUl;fs; epr;rakhf vq;fSf;F Ntz;baitahf ,Uf;Fk; - xU Gjpa Jtpr;rf;futz;b my;yJ jpUkz tPl;bw;F Nghtjw;F Gjpa Mil. ,e;j tifahd nghUl;fisnay;yhk; vq;fsJ Njitfs; vd ehq;fs; nrhy;YNthk; Vndd;why; ekf;F mit Njit. Mdhy; ,itnay;yhk; vq;fsJ Njitfs; my;y: ehq;fs; ,itfs; ,y;yhky; thoKbahnjd;gjy;y> vq;fshy; tho KbAk;.
Njitfs; vd;gJ ekf;F KO epr;rakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bait> mjd; %yk; ehk; tho KbAk; mj;Jld; tho;it jpwk;gl tho KbAk;cly; eyj;Jld; jplfhj;jpukhf capu;tho;tjw;F: vq;fSf;F czT Njit> Rj;jkhd ePu; Njit> epj;jpiu Njit> capu; tho ,lk; Njit mj;Jld; ehq;fs; tUj;jkhf ,Ue;jhy; guhkupg;gjw;F Ml;fs; Njit>
vq;fsJ jpwikfis ,dq;fhz> mtw;iw gad;gLj;j: Gjpa tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s> fw;Wf;nfhs;s> tpisahl vq;fSf;F re;ju;g;gq;fs; Njit>Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;F: ehq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;vq;fsJ r%fj;jpd; mq;fkhf ehq;fs; ,Ug;gjw;F:vq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis $Wtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; Ntz;Lk; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cupikfs; vq;fsJ Njitfs; Nghd;wit. kf;fs; cly; eyj;Jld; jplfhj;jpukhf> ghJfhg;ghf xU ey;y tho;it tho mit mbg;gilahdit. cjhuzkhf> vq;fSf;F czT Njit> mjidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vq;fSf;F cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ehq;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vq;fSf;F cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
xUth; jdJ mbg;gilj; Njitfis my;yJ cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s ,lkspg;gJ my;yJ kjpg;gspg;gJ kw;wtu;fsJ flikahFk;. kf;fs; jq;fsJ cupikfis mDgtpg;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa nghWg;ghFk;. mj;Jld; rpWtu;fs; jq;fsJ cupikfis kw;Wk; Njitfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij cWjpg;gLj;j ngw;NwhUf;F kw;Wk; ghJfhtyu;fSf;F Jiz GuptJ murhq;fj;jpd; flikahFk;.
If;fpa ehLfs; rpWtu; cupikr; rkthak; rpWtu; cupikr; rkthakhdJ rpWtu;fsJ nghJ> murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu cupikfis xUq;Nf Gjpa kw;Wk; gue;j tifapNy ntspf;nfhzu;fpd;wJ. rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpy; nkhj;jkhf 54 cWg;Giufs; cs;sd. 1-41 tiuahd cWg;Giufs; rpWtu;fsJ cupikfisAk; Vidait (54 tiu) mtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba flikfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
Fwpg;gpl;l 41 cWg;GiufisAk; ehd;F Kf;fpa mk;rq;fSf;Fs; xdWgLj;j KbAk;. • ‘capu;thOk; cupikfs;’vy;yh rpWtu;fSk; capu;tho Ntz;batu;fs; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,itczT> Rj;jkhd ePu;> epj;jpiu> capu; tho ,lk;> mj;Jld; tUj;jk; Jd;gq;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;fhd guhkupg;G vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
‘mgptpUj;jp cupik’ vy;yh rpWtu;fSk; jq;fsJ jpwikfis gad;gLj;jp Kd;NdWtij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,it fy;tpf;fhd cupik> tpisahl;L cupik> jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik> nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; Mf;fg;ghlhd epfo;Tfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd cupikfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
‘ghJfhg;G cupik’ vy;yh rpWtu;fSk; vy;yh tifahd J\;gpuNahfq;fspypUe;Jk; xJf;fpitj;jy;fspypUe;Jk; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ghJfhg;G cupikfs; gy;NtWgl;l tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sd: Gfyplk; Njb tUk; kw;Wk; mfjpr; rpWtu;fSf;Fupa tpNrl ftdpg;gpw;fhd cupik> rl;lr; rpf;fy;fspy; khl;ba rpWtu;fs; kupahijAld; jFe;jkhjpup elj;jg;gLtjw;fhd cupik> rpWtu;fis Ntiyf;F mku;j;jp Ruz;LtjpypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; cupik> kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;F Mshf;fg;gl;l rpWtu;fs; me;j frg;ghd mDgtq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;F cjtp ngWtjw;fhd cupik vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
gq;fspf;Fk; cupik’ vy;yh rpWtu;fSk; ,isa Fbkf;fs;> nghJ kf;fs; vd;w tifapy; r%fj;jpdJk; ehl;bdJk; rfytpjkhd epfo;TfspYk; gq;nfLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; cupikAs;stu;fs; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,it rpWtu;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; ve;jnthU jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; tplaq;fspYk; rpWtu;fs jq;fsJ; fUj;Jf;fis $Wtjw;fhd cupik kw;Wk; me;j fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w cupikfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;d? ghFghbd;ik capu; thOk; cupik> gq;Fgw;wy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp> rpWtupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy; rpWtupd; rpwe;j eyd;fs;
ghFghbd;ik cWg;Giu 2 rfy rpWtu;fSk; ,d> epw> ghy;> rhjp> nkhop> mgpg;gpuhak;> Njhw;wk;> tyJFiwT> gpwg;G> my;yJ Ntnwe;jg; Ngjq;fSkpd;wp jkJ Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F rk cupikiag; ngw;wpUf;fpwhu;fs; rpy rpWtu;fSf;F Vida rpWtu;fspYk; ghu;f;f $Ljyhd ftdk; Njitg;gLfpwJ my;yJ rk re;ju;g;gj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j tpN\l ftdpg;G Njitg;gLfpwJ.
rpWtupd; kpfr; rpwe;j eyd;fs; • cWg;Giu 3 • rpWtu;fs; njhlu;ghd rfy eltbf;iffspYk; mtu;fsJ cr;r eyd;fs; gpujhd ftdpg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; • rl;lq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; jahupj;J nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; rpWtiu ikakhff; nfhz;l mZFKiwf;F Mjutspj;jy;
rpWtupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy; • cWg;Giu 12 • ,J rpWtu;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wk; cupik MFk; • rpWtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; nrtpkLf;fg;gl;L> kjpg;gspf;fg;gl;L> ftdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; • rpWtu;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; ve;jnthU jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; tplaq;fspYk; rpWtu;fs; jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis $Wtjw;fhd cupikia toq;f Ntz;Lk;
capu; thOk; cupik> gpioj;jy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp • cWg;Giu 6 • vy;yh gps;isfSf;Fk; capu;thOk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp cupik cz;L • murhq;fk; gps;isfsJ capu; thOk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpd; tuyhW 1923- vf;yhud; n[g;> rpWtu; cupikfs; gpufldj;jpid tiue;jhu; 1924- rpWtu; cupikfs; gpufldk; ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
1948- I.eh. nghJr;rigapdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; tsu;e;jtu;fSf;Fk; rpWtu;fSf;Fk; gpuNahrdkhdnjd Fwpg;ghf Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ 1959- ,uz;lutJ rpWtu;fs; cupikg; gpufldj;jpid I.eh. rig Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ
1979- 1-rpWth;fspd; ru;tNjr Mz;L 2-rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;ij tiutjw;F nraw;FO xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ 1989- rpWtu; cupikfs; rkthak; I.eh. nghJr; rigapdhy; 1989k; Mz;L etk;gu; khjk; 20k; jpfjp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
1990- nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; 2k; jpfjp rkthak; midj;J cyf rl;lkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L eilKiwf;F te;jJ 1991- rpWtu; cupikfs; rkthak; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,yq;ifapy; rpWtu; cupikr; rkthaj;jpd; eilKiw • rkthak; 1990k; Mz;L ij khjk; 26k; jpfjp ifnahg;gk; ,lg;gl;lJ • 1991k; Mz;L Mb khjk; 12k; jpfjp cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ • 1991k; Mz;L Mtzp khjk; 11k; jpfjp eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ • 1991k; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; rpWtu;fSf;fhd nraw;wpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
1992k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; khjk; rpWtu; gl;lak; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ • rpWtu; cupikfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; rk;ge;jkhd murpd; KjyhtJ mwpf;if 1994k; Mz;L ij khjk; n[dPthtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ Fwpg;G:- ,r;rkthak; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhy; ve;jtpj gpufldNkh xJf;fPLfNsh ,d;wp ifnahg;gk; ,l;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ
rpWtu; cupikfs; rk;ge;jkhd cs;ehl;Lr; rl;lthf;fq;fs; • njUr;Rw;wpfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; - ,yf;fk; 4 – 1841 • jz;lidr; rl;lf;Nfhit ,y. 12 – 1883> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 17- 1998 • guhakile;Njhu; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 7 – 1865> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y.17 – 1987
rhd;Wf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 17 – 1895 • Fbapay; eilKiwr; rl;lf; Nfhit ,y. 2 – 1889> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 19 – 1977> ,y. 20 – 1977> ,y. 53 – 1980 • tPl;Lj; jLj;Jitj;jy; rl;lk; ,y. 5 – 1907 • nghJj;jpUkzf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 19 – 1907> tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 18 – 1995> ,y. 12 – 1997
Mghr ntspaPLfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 4 – 1927 • ,sk; jtwhspfs; (gapw;rpg; ghlrhiyfs;) fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 28 – 1939 fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpw;fhd jpUj;jq;fs; • fy;tpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 31 – 1939 fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Mf;fg;gl;l xOq;F tpjpfs; • gps;isfs; ,sk; Ml;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; 48 – 1939> njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs;
tPl;by; jLj;J itj;jy; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 22 – 1941 • mehijfs; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 22 – 1941 • ,se;jtwhspfs; ed;dlj;ijf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; 42 – 1944 mijj;njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs; • FbtuT Fbmfy;T fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 20 – 1948 mjidj; njhlu;e;j jpUj;jq;fs;
gpwg;G ,wg;G gjpTf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 17 – 1951 • fz;bau; jpUkzf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 44 – 1952> tPNrl jpUj;jk; ,y. 19 – 1995 • ngz;fs; ,sk; tajpdu; gps;isfs; njhopw;rl;lk; ,y. 47 – 1956 xOq;F tjpfSk; ,jd; fPohd tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 43 – 1964> ,y. 29 – 1973> ,y. 32 – 1984
gps;isfs;> ,sk; Ml;fs;; (nfLjy; tpistpf;Fk; ntspaPLfs;) fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 48 – 1956 • ePjpKiwr; rl;lk; ,y. 2 – 1978 (tpNrl jpUj;jq;fs; ,y. 37 – 1929> my: 27 – 1998) • Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iff; Nfhit ,y. 15 – 1980 (tpNrl jpuj;jq;fs; ,y. 20 – 1995> my: 19 – 1997> ,y. 28 – 1998)
rpWtu; kfNtw;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ ,y. 38 – 1979> jpUj;jk; ,y. 15 – 1992 • kJNghijapd; fPo; Gupag;gl;l Fw;wq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rl;lk; ,y. 41 – 1979 • rpWtu; ghJfhg;G mjpfhur;rl;lk; ,y. 50 – 1998 • guhkupg;Gj; jpUj;jf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,y. 37 – 1997
gps;isfspd; cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd murhq;f jpizf;fsq;fs;/J];gpuNahfk; rk;ge;jkhf mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ,lq;fs;
Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; • Njrpa rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gr; rig (NCPA) • ngz;fs; rpWth;fSf;fhd nghyp]; gphpT (WCD) • rpWtu; ey;;;nyhOf;f Mizahsu; • kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO
khfhz kl;lj;jpy; • khfhz rpWtu; cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;Gf; FO • khfhz Mizahsu;> rpWtu; ey;;;nyhOf;f ghJfhg;Gf; fhupahyak;
khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; • khtl;l rpWtu; mgptpUj;jpf; FO (DCDC) tpyhrk;: khtl;l nrayfk;> kl;lf;fsg;G • khtl;l rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gf; FO (DCPC)tpyhrk;: Nghjdh itj;jparhiy kl;lf;fsg;G • rpWtu; ey;;;nyhOf;f> guhkupg;G jpizf;fsk; (DPCC) tpyhrk;: ePjpkd;w tshfk;> kl;lf;fsg;G • ngz;fs; rpWth;fSf;fhd nghyp]; gphpT (WCD) tpyhrk;: vy;yh nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYk; ,g;gphpT mikf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ. • kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO
gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; • gpuNjr rpWtu; cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;Gf; FO tpyhrk;: xt;nthU gpuNjr nrayf mYtyfq;fspYk; rpWtu; cupikfs; Nkk;ghl;L cj;jpNahf];ju;fis mZfTk; (CRPO) • rpWtu;fSld; gzpGupAk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; • r%f guhkupg;G epiyak;
r%f kl;lj;jpy; • rpWtu; cupikfs; Nkk;ghl;L cj;jpNahf];ju;fs; • r%f Nritfs; cj;jpNahf];ju;
FLk;g kl;lj;jpy; ngw;NwhUk; guhkupg;ghsu;fSk;
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