603-PT – Revision 4 – 04.20.08.USA

1. Welcome to theInternational Right of Way Association’s Course 603Understanding Environmental Contamination in Real Estate 603-PT – Revision 4 – 04.20.08.USA

2. Introductions Who we are… What we do… Where we do it… How long we’ve been doing it… Our goals for the course...

3. ObjectivesAt the conclusion of the course,you will be able to...  Recognize situations that have the potential for site contamination  Identify common types of contamination  Discuss potential implications of contamination on the right of way and to the project  Present options to manage or remediate environmental contamination

4. Housekeeping

5. Schedule (1) 8:00 - 8:30 Introductions, Etc. 8:30 -10:00 Contamination and Contaminants 10:15 -11:15 Geology, Hydrogeology and Hydrology 11:15 - 12:00 Contaminant Movement 1:00 - 2:00 Contamination Discovery

6. Schedule (2) 2:15 - 3:15 Contaminations Affects on the Right of Way and to the Project 3:15 - 3:45 Options to manage or Remediate Environmental Contamination 3:45 - 4:00 Summary and Review 4:00 - 5:00 Exam

7. Contamination and Contaminants

8. Definitions (1)Contaminantsare any physical,chemical, biological or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air, water or soil.

9. Definitions (2) Hazardous substancesare anymaterials that pose a threat to human health and/or the environment.

10. Definitions (3) A contaminated or hazardous waste siteis a site at which hazardous substances occur at concentrations above backgroundlevels and where assessment indicatesthe site poses, or is likely to pose an immediate or long-term hazard to human health or the environment.

11. Exercise No. 1(1) Please look at the sketch assigned to your group and with your group identify property uses (e.g., gas station), the processes (i.e., activities or conditions that might resultin the presence and/or release of contaminants or hazardous substances and the specific types of contaminants or hazardous substances. Next, write the group’s project on the top of a sheet offlip chart paper and list the property issues, processes and contaminants or hazardoussubstancesrelatedto your project.

12. Exercise No. 1 (2) • Auto wrecking yard: oils, grease, lubricants, paint chips, automotive fluids • Agricultural land: fertilizer and pesticide application, manure spreading, nitrates, pesticide residues • Dairy: cleaning chemicals, solvents, greases; possible routine or emergency fuel supply (oil?), milk, cream, asbestos containing materials (e.g., pipe elbows, boilers); mercury containing equipment, PCB containing equipment (e.g., light ballasts, capacitors) • Residential area 1930s: lead-based paint, asbestos containing materials (e.g., floor tiles); oil USTs or ASTs (depending on heating source in region), pesticides for insect infestation • Residential area 1970s: oil USTs, ASTs; possible but less likely ACM, LBP, hydraulic elevators, pesticides for insect infestation

13. Exercise No. 1 (3) • Treated wood pole storage yard: residues from poles (depends on treatment), chromated copper arsenate, pentachlorophenol, creosote (i.e., PAH) • Residential area 1920s: lead-based paint, asbestos containing materials (e.g., floor tiles), oil USTs or ASTs (depending on heating source in region), imported fills • Highway and maintenance yard, vehicle garage: possible fuel storage (e.g., UST or ASTs, diesel, gasoline, MTBE, possible on-site heating oil storage), solvents, greases, lubricants storage/spills, road salt or other material storage, ACM in building materials, PCB containing equipment depending on building age • Sawmill and planning shop: wood waste, oils, greases, lubricants, possible tanks

14. Exercise No. 1 (4) Dump: leachate generation, seepage, (e.g., chloride, metals, organics, etc.) Agricultural land: fertilizer and pesticide application, manure spreading, nitrates, pesticide residues Farm house: septic system/tile bed, oil storage tank, farm dumps Barn/barnyard: oils, lubricants, manure Gas station: fuel storage; diesel, gasoline(i.e., BTEX, TPH, MTBE) Small engine repair: storage use, disposal ofchemicals, oils, greases, lubricants, solvents

15. Exercise No. 1 (5) • Dry cleaning: Perchlorethylene or other solvent usedfor cleaning (spill or disposal) • Delicatessen, corner store: ACM, LBP or PCB dependingon building materials/equipment/age of building • Hardware store: miscellaneous spill or disposal of cleaning chemicals, solvents, greases; paints; building materials may contain ACM, PCB containing equipment • Residential area 1950s: lead-based paint, asbestos containing materials (e.g., floor tiles), oil USTs or ASTs (depending on heating source in region), imported fills • Residential area 1990s: possible oilUSTs, ASTs,imported fills • Gas station: fuel storage/USTs, diesel, gasoline, MTBE, hydraulic lift

16. Contamination Sources Point Source Non-Point Source

17. Point Source Contamination (1) … a release from a small, specificand usually identifiable area Point Source • leaking storage tanks • leaking buried pipes/transfer lines • leaking lagoons • landfill leachate see page, leaking buried drums • spills

18. Point Source Contamination (2) • Typical storage tanksat commercial facilities include USTs or ASTs for: • fuel oil for heating systems • diesel for emergency generators • waste oil • spill containment UST = Underground Storage Tank AST = Aboveground Storage Tank

19. Point Source Contamination (3)

20. Point Source Contamination (4)

21. Point Source Contamination (5)

22. Non-Point Source Contamination … a release over a wide area Non-Point Source • fertilizer applications • infiltration of ditch water • sewage sludge applications • particulate fallout

23. Hazardous or Designated Substances • Asbestos containing material (ACM) • Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) • Lead based paints • Mercury containing equipment • Urea formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) • Radioactive sources/radon gas

24. Asbestos Containing Material (1) • Floor tiles and linoleum • Ceiling tiles • Thermal mud insulation on pipe elbows • Check boilers and boiler rooms • Transit boards • Asbestos cement drain piping • Spray on (fire retardant) insulation Popular from the 1900s to 1970s

25. Asbestos Containing Material (ACM) (2) • The condition of the ACM is important • • Poor or good repair? • • Friable or not friable?

26. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (1) Manufactured up to 1977 • Coolants and lubricants in electrical equipment (e.g., fluorescent light ballasts, fluid cooled transformers, capacitors)

27. Polychlorinated Biphenyls(2)

28. Lead-Based Paint • Banned use in commercial housingby U.S. government in 1978 • Use of lead in paint fully phasedout in early 1980s • “good” condition, or “peeling”?

29. Mercury Containing Equipment Mercury used in switches, fluorescent light tubes and metal halide lights Handling and disposal issue

30. Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation Used as insulation, sound insulation and air sealant Used from the 1960s to about 1980 Health problem for some(formaldehyde off-gases) Injected through1/2" - 2" holes Look for plugs

31. Radioactive Sources and Radon • Radioactive sources include “older” smoke detectors and industrial sensors • Radon gas • - naturally occurring radioactive off-gas from granite • - sites with basements in locations with Exposed granite

32. Why should we care? • Drinking water impacts (e.g.,health, aesthetic) • Health hazards • Environmental impacts and resource damage • Land use restrictions • Non-compliance • Legal liability • Material-handling requirements • Costs • Project impacts

33. What makes a site “contaminated”? • A relative term • Depends on a combination of: • - type of substance • - concentration (e.g., ppm, ppb) • - location (e.g., soil, groundwater, surface water) • - current, planned or adjacent land/water use • - jurisdiction and regulatory standards

34. Concentration: Parts per million (ppm) • Milligram per liter (mg/l) in water • Milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) in soil • - example: 4 drops in a 55 gallon barrel

35. Concentration: Parts per billion (ppb) • Microgram per liter (water) • - ½ teaspoon in an Olympic sized swimming pool (600,000 U.S. gallons) • Microgram per kilogram (soils)

36. Background Concentrations • Many substances are present in “background” concentrations • Naturally occurring or man - made • - varies depending on location, geology • - Examples: Northeastern U.S. soils • - arsenic <1 to 73 ppm • - copper <0.6 to 495 ppm • - lead <1.0 to 135 ppm

37. Clean-up orRemediation Standards • Established for certain contaminants • Partly based on: • - toxicity (i.e., potential to cause harm at concentration level) • - receptors of concern (e.g., people, organisms) • - potential intake or exposure pathway (e.g., skin contact, ingestion [e.g., eating, drinking), inhalation) • - background • Generic standards are conservative (low!)

38. Is the site clean? • Misunderstood term • Impossible to prove • Can only compare concentrations in soil/water samples against standards/criteria

39. Exercise No. 2 Working with your partner, review the list of selected chemicals (Column A) and their concentrations (Column B) at a theoretical site. The future land use is residential. Compare each chemical’s concentration to the background concentration (Column C) and the remediation criteria of locations shown in Columns D through F. Where the concentration exceeds applicable remediation criteria, draw a circle around that standard. Based on the comparison, indicate whether or not the site might be considered “contaminated.” Also, why are there such differences in some of the remediation criteria?

40. Exercise No. 2

41. Geology, Hydrogeologyand Hydrology

42. Exercise No. 3 Working with your small group,solve the three puzzles.

43. Geology Geologyis the science that dealswith the Earth, especially as recorded in rocks.

44. Hydrogeology Hydrogeologyis a branch of geology concerned with the occurrence, use and functions of surface water and ground water.

45. Hydrology (1) Hydrologyis the science that dealswith the properties, distribution andcirculation of water on and belowthe Earth’s surface and inthe atmosphere.

46. 1. Condensation 6. Evapotranspiration 8. Precipitation 4. 2. Transpiration Evaporation 7. Infiltration 5. Water table 3. Groundwater Flow

47. Sand and Gravel Gravel Sand Clay Bedrock Till Overburden Bedrock Subsurface

48. Pore space Fractures Porosity

49. Groundwater

50. Recharge Area Recharge Area Discharge Area Groundwater Flow