This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology:

1. This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology: 3.a – Analyze, review, and critique scientific explanations 3.c – Evaluate impact of research on scientific thought, society, and the environment 4.b – Investigate and identify cellular processes 9.a – Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids 10.a – Interpret the functions of systems in organisms 10.b – Compare the interrelationships of organ systems to each other and to the body as a whole

2. 11.a – Identify and describe the relationships between internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis 11.b – Investigate and identify how organisms respond to external stimuli 11.c – Analyze the importance of nutrition, environmental conditions, and physical exercise on health

3. Previous LessonEffects of Alcohol on the Heart and Liver

4. Question: Why is the liver such an important organ?

5. The liver: gateway to the body All the digested food molecules moving from small intestine into the blood, go first to the liver Based on: Campbell, et al., Biology: Concepts and Connections, Benjamin Cummings

6. Functions of the Liver • Detoxification of blood including the breakdown of alcohol • Regulation of blood sugar levels • Conversion of ammonia to urea • Production of cholesterol • Production of blood proteins • Production of bile

7. Question: What is the “J-shaped curve” and what does it predict?

8. The J-Shaped Curve Hypothesis J • HIGH LEVEL OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: associated with increased health problems NO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTON: associated with some health problems like heart attack LOW LEVEL OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: associated with less health problems like heart attack

9. Question: Why do women reach a BAC level of 0.08 faster than men, even when they drink the same amount of alcohol at the same rate?

10. Why is drinking different for women and men? • Women have less alcohol • dehydrogenase, the enzyme in the • stomach lining and liver that breaks • down alcohol • Women have less body water, allowing • alcohol to become more concentrated • than in men • Women tend to be smaller

11. Question: Why do heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis of the liver and why can this be fatal? Normal Cirrhosis

12. Normal liver cells Alcohol damaged liver cells Based on Scientific American, March 1976 Alcohol and its breakdown products are toxic to the liver cells, killing the cells and causing scar tissue

13. Cirrhosis Interferes with Functions of the Liver • Detoxification of blood • Regulation of blood sugar levels • Conversion of ammonia to urea • Ammonia is toxic to the brain and a person will go into a hepatic coma • Production of cholesterol • Production of blood proteins • Production of bile

14. Today’s LessonCirculatory System and Heart Disease

15. Humans are biological machines, made out of about 2 million types of proteins and running on the energy of ATP converted from glucose and fats

16. Major Parts of the Machine Based on: Starr, C., Biology: Concepts and Applications, Brooks/Cole food, water intake oxygen intake elimination of carbon dioxide Digestive System Respiratory System nutrients, water, salts oxygen carbon dioxide Circulatory System Urinary System water solutes elimination of food residues rapid transport to and from all living cells elimination of excess water salts, wastes

17. Overview of Lesson • The heart • Blood pressure • Diet and clogged arteries • USDA vs Mediterranean diet • Heart disease and women

18. Functions of the Heart • Pump blood to lungs to • get oxygen and get rid of • carbon dioxide • Pump blood to organs • and cells of body to • supply nutrients and • pickup waste Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, Wm. C. Brown Publishers

19. Cross-section of Heart Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

20. a. Atria & ventricles relaxed Cardiac Cycle b. Atria contract c. Ventricles contract Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

21. Control of Heart Beat Based on: Campbell, et al., Biology: Concepts and Connections, Benjamin Cummings

22. Normal ECG Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill P wave: prior to atrial contraction QRS: prior to ventricular contraction T wave: occurs when ventricles recovering from contraction Abnormal ECG

23. Overview of Lesson • The heart • Blood pressure • Diet and clogged arteries • USDA vs Mediterranean diet • Heart disease and women

24. Capillary System Arterial End Venous End Based on: Biology: Campbell, et al., Biology: Concepts and Connections, Benjamin Cummings • Blood pressure (outwards) is • less than osmotic pressure • (inwards) • So net pressure is inwards and • water moves into capillary • Blood pressure (outwards) is • greater than osmotic pressure • (inwards) • So net pressure is outwards and • water moves out to cells

25. High Blood Pressure High blood pressure Damage to arteries Deposition of cholesterol in arteries Heart disease and stroke

26. Blood Pressure Systolic pressure is measured as the ventricles contract Diastolic pressure is measured when ventricles are at rest Based on: Harvard Family Health Guide

27. Blood Pressures • Optimal blood pressure • around 120/70 mm • High blood pressure • 140/90 mm or greater • Hypertension statistics • 1994 50 million • 2004 65 million, more younger

28. Treatment for High Blood Pressure • Maintain healthy weight • Vigorous activity 3x week • Lower saturated fats and trans fats • Limit salt • Drug therapy • Diuretics to reduce fluid volume • and blood volume • Beta blockers to block hormones • that cause heart to beat faster

29. Overview of Lesson • The heart • Blood pressure • Diet and clogged arteries • USDA vs Mediterranean diet • Heart disease and women

30. Diet and Heart Disease Intake of saturated and trans fats Increase in LDL:HDL ratio Increased deposition of cholesterol in arteries of the heart Blockage of arteries and death of heart muscle

31. Fat Synthesis Saturated Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill Unsaturated

32. Cholesterol LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein): The “bad” cholesterol that deposits fatty particles in your blood vessels to form plaques and block arteriesHDL (High-Density Lipoprotein): The “good” cholesterol that carries fatty particles from your blood vesselsRecommendations: Total of 200 mg/dL or below is healthy, LDL below 130, and HDL above 45

33. How Atherosclerosis Develops

34. Heart Attack Muscle death Based on: Harvard Medical School, 1999 Why would the heart muscle die?

35. Coronary Bypass Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry into Life, Wm. C. Brown Publishers

36. Overview of Lesson • The heart • Blood pressure • Diet and clogged arteries • USDA vs Mediterranean diet • Heart disease and women

37. Old Pyramid => My Pyramid My Pyramid April 2005 USDA website helps create a pyramid plan based on age, sex, activity level and if pregnant or breastfeeding. www.mypyramid.gov Based on: U.S. World News and Report, July 4, 1994

38. The Mediterranean Pyramid Based on: U.S. World News and Report, July 4, 1994

39. Rationale for Mediterranean Diet Observed that men living in the Mediterranean area had lower rates of heart diseaseThey ate a Mediterranean-type diet with little red meat and much of fat intake was olive oil (an unsaturated fat)But these men also worked hard in the fields and exercised moreWas the lower rates of heart disease due to diet or exercise? Or was it due to both?

40. The Lyon Diet Heart Study 1994 Test subjects with heart disease, using the Mediterranean diet, had a reduced risk of a second heart attack by 50-70%

41. Overview of Lesson • The heart • Blood pressure • Diet and clogged arteries • USDA vs Mediterranean diet • Heart disease and women

42. Heart Failure in Women • Women tend to • experience heart attacks • 10-20 years later than • men, but their first heart • attack is more likely to • be fatal • Many women may not • experience the same • classic symptoms that • men experience (pain in • the chest and arm) • because spasms of • vessels (not blocked • arteries) may cause the • heart attack Based on: Time, April 28, 2003

43. Congestive Heart Failure • Because women tend to be older and their disease more advanced when the receive diagnosis, 1 in 5 women will die within one year of diagnosis • Twice as many women as men tend to be disabled by heart failure Based on: Time, April 28, 2003

44. To reduce cardiovascular disease… • Activity 30 min brisk walk 3-4 x week • Stop smoking • Smoking triples chance of heart attack • Lose weight • Excess fat (especially around middle) increases risk of heart attack • Lower LDL and raise HDL cholesterol • HDL may be better predictor • Control blood pressure • Hypertension makes the heart work harder • Don’t count on hormones • HRT can increase risk of heart attack • Reduce stress

45. Next LessonSmoking, Emphysema and Lung Cancer

46. Cellular Respiration(in mitochondria of cells)C6H12O6(energy) + O2 + ADP + PATP (energy) + CO2 + H2O Back