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2. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank CNN Videos Visual Concepts

3. Protists and Fungi Chapter 11 Table of Contents Section 1 Protists Section 2 Kinds of Protists Section 3 Fungi

4. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists Bellringer • Have you ever hear of a protist before? How many examples of protists can you think of? Why do you suppose protists are not as well known as fungi? • Record your answers in your science journal.

5. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists Objectives • Describe the characteristics of protists. • Describe four ways that protists get food. • Describe three ways that protists reproduce.

6. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists General Characteristics • A protist is a member of the kingdom Protista. Most protists are single-celled organisms, but some are made of many cells, and others live in colonies. • Eukaryotic Organisms All protists are eukaryotic, which means that their cells each have a nucleus.

7. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists Protists and Food • Producing Food Some protists are producers.Like green plants, these protists make their own food through photosynthesis. • Finding Food Some protists must get food from their environment. These protists are heterotrophs.Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food.

8. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists Protists and Food, continued • Some protists are decomposers. Decomposers get energy by breaking down dead organic material. • Some protists are parasites. Aparasiteinvades another organism to get the nutrients it needs. The organism that a parasite invades is called ahost.

9. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists Producing More Protists • Asexual ReproductionMost protists reproduce asexually. In asexual reproduction, the offspring come from just one parent. • Sexual ReproductionSome protists can reproduce sexually. Sexual reproduction requires two parents.

10. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists Producing More Protists, continued • Many protists can reproduce asexually and sexually. In some protist producers, the kind of reproduction alternates by generation. • For example, a parent will reproduce asexually, and its offspring will reproduce sexually.

11. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists Producing More Protists, continued • Reproductive CyclesSome protists have complex reproductive cycles. These protists may change forms many times. The next slideshows the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the protist that causes the disease malaria.

12. Chapter 11 Section1 Protists

13. Section2 Kinds of Protists Chapter 11 Bellringer Do you know what algae is? Have you ever seen it? What does it look like? Algae needs a lot of water in order to live. Where do you suppose most algae live? Record and illustrate your answers in your science journal.

14. Section2 Kinds of Protists Chapter 11 Objectives • Describe how protists can be organized into three groups based on their shared traits. • List an example for each group of protists.

15. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers • Scientist place protists into three groups based on their shared traits: producers, heterotrophs that can move, and heterotrophs that can’t move. • Many protists are producers. Like plants, protist producers use the sun’s energy to make food through photosynthesis. These protist producers are know asalgae.

16. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued • Some algae are made of many cells and generally live in shallow water along the shore. You may know these algae asseaweeds. • Phytoplanktonare the microscopic algae that float near the surface of marine or fresh water.

17. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued • Red Algae Most of the world’s seaweeds are red algae and live in tropical oceans, attached to rocks or to other algae. • Green AlgaeThe green algae are the most diverse group of protist producers. Most live in water or moist soil. But others live in melting snow, on tree trunks, and inside other organisms.

18. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued • Brown Algae Most of the seaweeds found in cool climates are brown algae. They attach to rocks or form large floating beds in ocean waters. • Diatoms are single celled. They are found in both salt water and fresh water and make up a large percentage of phytoplankton.

19. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued • Dinoflagellateshave two whiplike strands called flagella. The beating of these flagella causes the cells to spin through the water. Most dinoflagellates live in salt water, but some live in fresh water or snow. • Euglenoidsare single-celled protists and live in fresh water. Many euglenoids are producers, but can also get food as heterotrophs. Other eugelnoids are full time consumers or decomposers.

20. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move • Heterotrophic protists that can move are often called protozoans. • Amoebas and similar amoeba-like protists are soft, jellylike protozoans. They are found in both fresh and salt water, in soil, and as parasites in animals. • Although amoebas look shapeless, they are highly structured cells.

21. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued • Amoebic MovementAmoebas and amoeba-like protists move with pseudopodia. Pseudopodia means “false feet.” Amoebas and amoeba-like protists use pseudopodia to catch food, too. • Shelled Amoeba-Like Protists Not all amoeba-like protists look shapeless. Some have an outer shell.

22. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Movement of an Amoeba Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

23. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued • Zooflagellates Flagellates are protists that wave flagella back and forth to move. Some flagellates live in water. Others live in the bodies of other organisms.

24. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued • CiliatesCiliates are complex protists. They have hundreds of tiny, hairlike structures known as cilia. Ciliates use their cilia for movement and also for feeding. The best-known genus of ciliates is Paramecium.

25. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists

26. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can’t Move • Some protist heterotrophs are parasites that do not move about. Others can only move at certain phases of their life cycle. • Spore-Forming Protists Most spore-forming protists are parasites. They absorb nutrients from their hosts. Spore-forming protists have complicated life cycles that usually include two or more hosts.

27. Chapter 11 Section2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can’t Move, continued • Water Moldslive in water, moist soil, or other organisms. Some of them are decomposers and thus eat dead matter. But many are parasites. • Slime Molds can move only at certain phases of their life cycle. Live in cool, moist places in the woods. They use pseudipodia to move around. But when environmental conditions are stressful, they form spores that cannot move.

28. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Bellringer • Many people love to eat mushrooms. What are mushrooms? There are many different types of edible mushrooms. How many can you name that you’ve eaten? How many mushrooms can you name that are available at your grocery store to eat? • Record your answers in your science journal.

29. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Objectives • Describe the characteristics of fungi. • Distinguish between the four main groups of fungi. • Explain how lichens affect their environment.

30. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi • Fungiare eukaryotic heterotrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll. They are so different from other organisms that they are placed in their own kingdom. • Food for Fungi Fungi cannot catch or surround food. Fungi must live on or near their food supply. Most fungi are consumers, but some are decomposers and others are parasites.

31. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued • Hidden from ViewMulticellular fungi are made up of chains of cells called hyphae. Most of the hyphae grow together form an underground mass called the mycelium, which makes up the major part of the fungus.

32. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued • Making More FungiReproduction in fungi may be either asexual or sexual. • In one type of asexual reproduction, the hyphae break apart, and each new piece becomes a new fungus.

33. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued • Asexual reproduction can also take place by the production of spores. Spores are small reproductive cells that are protected by a thick cell wall.When the growing conditions are right, a spore will grow into a new fungus. • Sexual reproduction in fungi happens when special structures form to make sex cells. The sex cells join to produce sexual spores that grow into a new fungus.

34. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi • Fungi are classified based on their shape and the way that they reproduce. • Threadlike Fungi Most threadlike fungi live in the soil and are decomposers. However, some threadlike fungi are parasites. Molds are a threadlike fungi. • Threadlike fungi can reproduce asexually or sexually.

35. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued • Sac Fungiare the largest group of fungi. Sac fungi include yeasts, powdery mildews, truffles, and morels. • Sac fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexually during their life cycles. Most of the time, they use asexual reproduction.

36. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued • Club FungiMushrooms belong to a group of fungi called club fungi. Club fungi reproduce sexually. During reproduction, they grow special hyphae that form clublike structures. • Nonmushroom Club Fungi Mushrooms are not the only club fungi. Bracket fungi, puff-balls, smuts, and rusts are also club fungi.

37. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued • Imperfect Fungi The imperfect fungi group includes all of the species of fungi that do not quite fit in the other groups. These fungi do not reproduce sexually. • Most imperfect fungi are parasites that cause diseases in plants and animals. But some imperfect fungi, such as Penicillium, are useful.

38. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Types of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

39. Chapter 11 Section3 Fungi Lichens • A lichen is a combination of a fungus and an alga that grow together. The alga actually lives inside the protective walls of the fungus. • Unlike fungi, lichens are producers. The algae produce food through photosynthesis. And unlike algae, the fungi keeps the lichen from drying out. Lichens are found in almost every land environment.

40. Chapter 11 Protists and Fungi Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

41. Chapter 11 Concept Map

42. Chapter 11 Concept Map

43. End of Chapter 11 Show

44. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 11 Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

45. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 11 Passage 1For centuries, people living near Cueva de Villa Luz (the Cave of the Lighted House) in Mexico have walked past slimy globs that drip from the cave’s ceiling without thinking much about them. When scientists decided to analyze these slime balls, they discovered that the formations are home to billions of microscopic organisms! Scientists nicknamed these colonies “snot-tites” because the colonies resemble mucus. Actually, the “snot-tites”are a mixture of fungi and bacteria.

46. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 11 1. In the passage, what does resemble mean? Ato look like Bto feel like Cto smell like Dto sound like

47. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 11 1. In the passage, what does resemble mean? A to look like Bto feel like Cto smell like Dto sound like

48. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 11 2.Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? FMany kinds of organisms live in Cueva de Villa Luz. GThe people of Mexico ignore the snot-tites. HScientists found no explanation for the slime balls that are in Cueva de Villa Luz. ICueva de Villa Luz’s ceiling is dripping with microscopic organisms.

49. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 11 2.Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? FMany kinds of organisms live in Cueva de Villa Luz. GThe people of Mexico ignore the snot-tites. HScientists found no explanation for the slime balls that are in Cueva de Villa Luz. ICueva de Villa Luz’s ceiling is dripping with microscopic organisms.

50. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 11 3. The microscopic organisms discovered by scientists Aare fungi. Bare bacteria. Care a mixture of fungi and bacteria. Dare a mixture of protists and fungi.