Night Vision & Eye Rods & Cones

1. Night Vision & Eye Rods & Cones Bowmaker J.K. and Dartnall H.J.A. (1980). "Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina". M.R.C. Vision Unit, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, Sussex. J. Physiol. 298: 501–511, 1980

2. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

3. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

4. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

5. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

6. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

7. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

8. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

9. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

10. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

11. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

12. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

13. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

14. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

15. Color Selection Eye Focal Points • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision

16. Color Selection Eye Focal Points Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read

17. Color Selection Eye Focal Points Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read Read

18. Contrast • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision • So much for BLUE

19. Contrast & Transparent Windows • Rods • Let us see monochrome images • Very sensitive to brightness • Saturate in bright light need time to recover (~ 15 min) • Let us see at night • Cones • Let us see in color • Less sensitive than rods • Red light does not stimulate Rods • Red maintains night vision & allows some cone vision • So much for BLUE • Hello • I am transparent • Are your overloaded yet

20. Field Of View & Eye Rod Cone Distribution • Field of view determined by eye rod cone distribution Density 103 (mm2) Cone Distribution B------R--G--R------B 160 Fovea 120 Rods Rods 80 Optic Nerve 40 Cones Cones 0 Ear 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 Nose Offset (Degrees)

21. 15o Optimum 15o 35o Max 35o Max 35o Max 40o Max 15o Optimum Normal Line of Sight 20o Max 15o Optimum Field of View Eye Rotation

22. 65o Max 0o Optimum 60o Max 60o Max Normal Line of Sight 35o Max Field of View Head Rotation

23. 15o Optimum 15o 90o Max 15o Optimum Normal Line of Sight 95o Max 95o Max 95o Max 15o Optimum Field of View Eye & Head Rotation