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Introduction

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Introduction. Department of Hydraulic Engineering School of Civil Engineering Shandong University 200 7. Note to Instructors.

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Introduction

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  1. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Introduction Department of Hydraulic Engineering School of Civil Engineering Shandong University 2007

  2. Note to Instructors These slides were developed1 during the spring semester 2003, as a teaching aid for the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Hydraulic Engineering at Shandong University. This course had two sections, one taught by myself and one taught by Prof. Lichuanqi. While we gave common homework and exams, we independently developed lecture notes. This was also the first semester that Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was used at SDU. My section had 2001 students and was held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While slides have been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, I used a combination of blackboard and electronic presentation. In the student evaluations of my course, there were both positive and negative comments on the use of electronic presentation. Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your lectures with careful consideration of your teaching style and course objectives.

  3. Experimental Fluid Dynamics Table of Contents • INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS • PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS • PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS • FLUID KINEMATICS • MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS • MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS • DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING • FLOW IN PIPES • DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW • APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION • FLOW OVER BODIES: DRAG AND LIFT • COMPRESSIBLE FLOW • OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW • TURBOMACHINERY • INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

  4. Grading • Grading Based on • Homework: 20% • Mid-Term: 25%, 25 % • Final: 30% • Violation of academic integrity • First offense: zero score for the test • Second offense: failure of the course

  5. Homework • Philosophy • One of the best ways to learn something is through practice and repetition • Therefore, homework assignments are extremely important in this class! • Homework sets will be carefully designed, challenging, and comprehensive. If you study and understand the homework, you should not have to struggle with the exams

  6. Homework • Policy • Homework is due on Wednesday at the beginning of class. • Homework turned in late will receive partial credit according to the following rules: • 10% off if turned in after class, but before 5:00 on the due date • 25% off if turned in after 5:00 on the due date, but by 5:00 the next school day • 50% off if turned in after 5:00 the next school day, but within one week • No credit if turned in after one week • Exceptions will be made under extreme circumstances. • Solutions will be made available within a week after the due date • To ease grading, homework submissions MUST follow specified format (see TA)

  7. Motivation for Studying Fluid Mechanics • Fluid Mechanics is omnipresent • Aerodynamics • Bioengineering and biological systems • Combustion • Energy generation • Geology • Hydraulics and Hydrology • Hydrodynamics • Meteorology • Ocean and Coastal Engineering • Water Resources • …numerous other examples… • Fluid Mechanics is beautiful

  8. Aerodynamics

  9. Bioengineering

  10. Energy generation

  11. Geology

  12. River Hydraulics

  13. Hydraulic Structures

  14. Hydrodynamics

  15. Meteorology

  16. Water Resources

  17. Fluid Mechanics is Beautiful

  18. Tsunamis • Tsunami: Japanese for “Harbour Wave” • Created by earthquakes, land slides, volcanoes, asteroids/meteors • Pose infrequent but high risk for coastal regions.

  19. Tsunamis: role in religion, evolution, and apocalyptic events? • Most cultures have deep at their core a flood myth in which the great bulk of humanity is destroyed and a few are left to repopulate and repurify the human race. In most of these stories, God is meting out retribution, punishing those who have strayed from his path • Were these “local” floods due to a tsunami instead of global events?

  20. Tsunamis: role in religion, evolution, and apocalyptic events? • Scientists now widely accept that the worldwide sequence of mass extinctions at the Cretaceous Tertiary (K/T) boundary 65 million years ago was directly caused by the collision of an asteroid or comet with Earth. Evidence for this includes the large (200-km diameter) buried impact structure at Chicxulub in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, the worldwide iridium-enriched layer at the K/T boundary, and the tsunamic deposits well inland in North America, all dated to the same epoch as the extinction event.

  21. Tsunamis: role in religion, evolution, and apocalyptic events? • La Palma Mega-Tsunami = geologic time bomb? Cumbre Vieja volcano erupts and causes western half of La Palma island to collapse into the Atlantic and send a 1500 ft. tsunami crashing into Eastern coast of U.S.

  22. Methods for Solving Fluid Dynamics Problems • Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD) Mathematical analysis of governing equations, including exact and approximate solutions. This is the primary focus of ESOE 505221 • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Numerical solution of the governing equations • Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) Observation and data acquisition.

  23. Analytical Fluid Dynamics How fast do tsunamis travel in the deep ocean? Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations Linearized wave equation for inviscid, irrotational flow Shallow-water approximation, l/h >> 1 For g = 32.2 ft/s2 and h=10000 ft, c=567 ft/s = 387 miles/hr

  24. Computational Fluid Dynamics • In comparison to analytical methods, which are good for providing solutions for simple geometries or behavior for limiting conditions (such as linearized shallow water waves), CFD provides a tool for solving problems with nonlinear physics and complex geometry. Animation by Vasily V. Titov, Tsunami Inundation Mapping Efforts, NOAA/PMEL

  25. Experimental Fluid Dynamics • Oregon State University Wave Research Laboratory • Model-scale experimental facilities • Tsunami Wave Basin • Large Wave Flume • Dimensional analysis (Chapter 7 of C&C) is very important in designing a model experiment which represents physics of actual problem

  26. Experimental Fluid Dynamics • Experiments are sometimes conducted in the field or at full scale • For tsunamis, data acquisition is used for warning • DART: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis • Primary sensor: Bourdon tube for measuring hydrostatic pressure

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