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MEMORY

MEMORY. BY: JUNAID ASLAM 09-8022. WHAT IS MEMORY???. Memory is persistence of learning or retention of information over time. 3 Domains Encode Store Retrieve Types Sensory Short Long. Memory. Starts with self recognition. Just Things vs. Things that happened to us.

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MEMORY

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  1. MEMORY BY: JUNAID ASLAM 09-8022

  2. WHAT IS MEMORY??? • Memory is persistence of learning or retention of information over time. • 3 Domains • Encode • Store • Retrieve • Types • Sensory • Short • Long

  3. Memory • Starts with self recognition. • Just Things vs. Things that happened to us. (Experiment example) • Memory Peak at age 25. • 27 start to lose. • 40 brain cells start to dying. (Why?)

  4. Memory: Past & Future • Experiment • People who have long term memory problem are unable to plan for there future.

  5. Physiology • Memory not specific in one region. (Rat maze expt) • Temporal lobe: Part of cerebral cortex involved in the storage of past events. • Frontal lobe: Part of brain that is located in front of parietal lobe and above the Temproal lobe. It is more related to speech.

  6. Physiology

  7. Physiology • Hippocampus: Plays a role in formation of new memories & long term memories. • Amygdala : emotional memory (flashbulb memory) • Flashbulb Memory: detailed & vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime. Usually very historical or autobiographical. Ex. 9/11 • Cerebellum :part of brain where procedural memories are maintained

  8. Memory Processing • Encoding: processing of info into memory system. It is affected by divided attention. • Semantic: encoding process of words or meaning. • Acoustic: Encoding process of sound. • Visual: encoding process of picture images.

  9. Storage • Storage: retention and representation of information in memory over time. • Atkinson-Shiffrin theory: accumulation of information takes place in three main stores that vary according to time frames. • Sensory • Short • Long

  10. Sensory • Sensory: The first type of memory which holds an exact image of each sensory experience for a very brief interval until it can be fully processed. • Ex. • Iconic- visual • Echoic- Auditory

  11. Short term • Short term- Type of memory which holds info for approximately 30 seconds (information will fade from short-term memory unless the material is rehearsed). • Alan Baddeley: working memory-system that holds information while we are thinking. • Capacity 7 ± 2 items, but this can be increased by organizing the material into larger chunks.

  12. Long Term Memory • Long Term: Memory which can retain enormous amounts of information for a long period of time from days to life time. We can retrieve information from long-term memory. • Divided into • Implicit (Nondeclarative memory): Type of LGM in which behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected. • Example: Procedural (skill-Riding bicycle)

  13. LTM Continue…. • Explicit (declarative memory)- Type of long term memory that can be verbally communicated. • Semantic: Persons knowledge about the world. • Example: Words/Ideas • Episodic-retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings • Example: events/experience

  14. 4 Theories of LTM organization • Hierarchies: memory is organized on a hierarchy from general to specific types of things. • Semantic networks: organized in irregular networks of concepts connected based on the meaning and relationships that we have learned through experiences.

  15. 4 Theories of LTM organization • Schema approach: memories are not precise and that we reconstruct our past. • Connectionist networks: memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

  16. Retrieval • Retrieve: process of getting information out. • Affected by Retrieval cues and mood. • Retrieval cues: is any stimulus that helps us recall information in long-term memory. • RRR • Recall • Recognition • Recollection

  17. Retrieval • Recall: information must be retrieved from previously learned information. • For example, answering a question on a fill-in-the-blank test. • Recognition: one only has to identify learned items. • For example, taking a multiple choice quiz. • Recollection: Reconstruct memory by using logic, clues, etc. • For example, writing an answer on an essay exam.

  18. Short term Memory Test • You will have 10 sec to remember. • Write down the numbers in order to the best of your ability.

  19. Short-term Memory test 5713091492

  20. MEMORY FAILURE/FORGETTING • Decay- simple degeneration of memory trace as time passes. (phone call example) • Memory Trace (engram): postulated biochemical change in the neural tissue that represents a memory. • Displacement- New information takes the place of old information. • Ex. Phone # and example.

  21. MEMORY FAILURE/FORGETTING • Retroactive interference: disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info. • Proactive interference: disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

  22. Serial Position Effect • Serial Position Effect: tendency for people to remember items towards the beginning and end of a list rather than those items in the middle. • Primacy: notion that items towards the beginning of a list are rehearsed more than the other items • Recency: notion that items towards the end are directly from short term memory and little or no decay has taken place.

  23. SHORT TERM MEMORY TEST • NEXT SLIDE>>>>>

  24. CHUNKING/ASSOCIATION 571-309-1492

  25. COMPARE

  26. HOW TO IMPROVE MEMORY? • Repetition: By repeating over and over. • Relationships (Menomonics): Relating with something that you have already learned or is easy to remember. • Word association example. • Avoid distraction • Ex. Study in quiet place.

  27. AMNESIA • Amnesia: Partial or total loss of memory • Causes: • Disease (Alzheimer) • Physical • Use of drugs such as propofol. • psychological factors such as defense mechanism. • Anterograde: is an inability to store and/or retrieve new information. It is caused by damage in the hippocampus. • Retrograde: is the inability to retrieve old, long-term memories.

  28. AMNESIA • Treatments: • Usually depends on the cause of amnesia. • Psychological: Psychotherapy, such as hypnosis or drugs like Amytal. • Amytal or Hypnosis. love and care can be helpful for amnesia caused by emotional trauma.

  29. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Psychology, 7e David G. Myers. • http://www.sfn.org/index.cfm?pagename=core_concepts_glossary • Psychology: The Human Experience – Memory (Movie-youtube.com) • How Does Your Memory Work? (Movie-youtube.com) • http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/aprilholladay/2007-03-12-memory-first_N.htm • Alan Baddeley, Human Memory, Theory and Practice (revised Edition) • www.apa.org/journals/releases/neu192181.pdf • Psychology 7 J. Santrock • Essentials of psychology B. Lahey

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