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Opiate Addiction

Opiate Addiction. Alex, Juan, Jesse, Kim and Brooke. Opiates. What are Opiates?. Common Day Examples. Morphine and Heroin Illicit vs. licit. Effects. Short term Long term. Usage in History. Recreation vs. Medicinal uses in history How the trend spread among countries.

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Opiate Addiction

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  1. Opiate Addiction Alex, Juan, Jesse, Kim and Brooke

  2. Opiates • What are Opiates?

  3. Common Day Examples • Morphine and Heroin • Illicit vs. licit

  4. Effects • Short term • Long term

  5. Usage in History • Recreation vs. Medicinal uses in history • How the trend spread among countries

  6. Beginning of Controversy • Addiction: Drug induced or personality induced?

  7. Criminalization and Demedicalization • Middle of 1920’s addicts were seen as “dope fiends” • Why do you think there was such a drastic change in the way society viewed addicts?

  8. International Control • Opiates are “evil” • “The Opium Problem” • Opiate Prohibition- except medical purposes

  9. Harrison Act • Three major provisions • Purpose of Harrison Act • Do you guys think that the Harrison Act was the smart thing to do? • What would have been a better strategy?

  10. Interpreting the Harrison Act • What really happened with the Harrison Act • “Opium Doctors” • Treasury Department Concern

  11. Supreme Court and Addiction • How did the supreme Court see addiction?

  12. Narcotic Clinics • Clinics to “cure” addicts. • The closing of clinics • Do you guys think they should have kept the clinics open?

  13. A New Class of Criminals • New Social Problems • New Laws • What is your opinion about “ Drug Addicts”? • Did we create this definition or was it already there?

  14. Reign of the Criminal Designation • Consequences of Making Opium Illegal • Left people with two choices • Created an addict subculture • Made Opiates highly profitable commodity for criminals

  15. Change in population of addicts • Certain social categories are more easily morally condemned than others. Ex minorities • Population became typified by young black males • American moral hostility increased proportionately • Harrison act pushed addiction to area populated by lower classes and crime underworld.

  16. Addiction becomes a criminal menace • Narcotics Division institutionalized definition of addiction as national policy • Through “educational” efforts it changed the image of addict from ailment to evil • Because of its “success” they got an increased budget.

  17. Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) • Henry J. Anslingerwas appointed head of FBN • Viewed opiate addiction as a criminal problem and user as a moral degenerate • Harrison Act caused many people to be arrested. • Farms were created • “Get tough” laws reinforced the criminal definition of addict.

  18. Why narcotics laws have failed • Continual demand for chemical substances • Opiates are drugs with addicting properties • Relapse rates are high • Government attempt to control Industry helped maintain high prices • Laws gave rise to criminal underworld

  19. The British Experience

  20. Dangerous Drug Act • Parliament enacted in 1920 • Intention to limit opiate distribution to medical channels • Dispute between Physicians and Law Enforcement • Great Britain was seen as authority by American champions

  21. British Model • They let addicts have opiate prescriptions • Black Market for drugs was nonexistent • Addicts were employed, successful citizens • NO DRUG RELATED CRIMES

  22. Why it’s important • First time, Physicians were given Authority over addiction • Addiction was seen as a treatment

  23. How it Ended • It was discredited in the 1960s when addicts skyrocketed • In 1961 their committee met again and decided everything was ok • 1965 they blamed it on irresponsible physicians • Then they affirmed again that addiction was a sickness • There is no evidence supporting that the British were any closer to having a “cure”

  24. Methadone And The Remedicalization of Opiate Addiction • What is Methadone? • Main uses of Methadone • Methadone Experiment at Rockefeller University. • Two useful effects of Methadone.

  25. “Heroin Epidemic” and Available Treatment • Heroin increase in 1960. • Robinson Supreme Court Decision in 1962. • Synanon Therapeutic Community.

  26. Adoption of Methadone Maintenance as Public Policy • Maintenance of narcotics. • Highest Heroin addiction is in New York City. • Journal of the American Medical Association.

  27. Nixon Administration as a Champion of Methadone Maintenance • Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Problems • Cost of Maintenance • How many addicts were involved?

  28. Methadone Revisionists • Popular and common treatment for addiction. • Methadone as a black-market street drug. • Methadone more addictive?

  29. Final Note on Methadone and Medicalization • Medical Technological Discovery • What was its greatest boost? • Criminal approach to deviance on opiate users.

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