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LOW HARMONICS SOLUTIONS FREEMAQ SERIES February 2014

LOW HARMONICS SOLUTIONS FREEMAQ SERIES February 2014. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Harmonic Causes. Harmonic Effects. Useful Formulae. EMC – THD Standards. PE Low Harmonics Techn. SD700FA AHF. HARMONICS CAUSES. Three-phase loads: n = (k·6 ± 1): 5, 7, 11, 13, 21, ….

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LOW HARMONICS SOLUTIONS FREEMAQ SERIES February 2014

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  1. LOW HARMONICS SOLUTIONS FREEMAQ SERIESFebruary 2014

  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harmonic Causes Harmonic Effects Useful Formulae EMC – THD Standards PE Low Harmonics Techn. SD700FA AHF

  3. HARMONICS CAUSES • Three-phase loads: • n = (k·6 ± 1): 5, 7, 11, 13, 21, …. • Variable speed drives, rectifiers, Electrical arc-furnaces lifts, … • Do not appears tripleN harmonics. • 3 wires AHF cancellate harmonics • Single-phase loads: • TripleN & n = (k·6 ± 1): 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 … • PC’s, faxes, dimmers, LED lighting, phone chargers, Arc welding machines, etc… • Produce high neutral currents • TripleN harmonics are cancelled with 4 wires AHF Where: k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...

  4. HARMONICS EFFECTS • Power factor reduction. Losses and inefficiency of the electrical system. • Conductor losses and transformer overheating (skin effect) • Damage to capacitors and resonance. (High frequency current flow through low impedance paths overloading capacitors) • Transformer and neutral conductor overload due to excessive zero-phase currents • Motor Overheating. Negative rotation sequences in motors • Nuisance tripping of protections ( fuses, circuit breakers, relays, etc..) • Failure of stand-by diesel generating sets Voltage RMS Current Apparent Power S= V ·I

  5. USEFUL FORMULAE • Displacement Power Factor (cos ) • Total Harmonic current Distortion THDi (%) • Power factor (PF) • Apparent power

  6. USEFUL FORMULAE Utility transformer S (kVA), Zout (%), Vout (V) PCC Public Grid Zsc Main Feeder L (m), Wire size (mm2), Material (Cu or Al), Conductors (#) Private Grid PCC Zt User transformer S (kVA), Zout (%), Vout (V) IPC1 Zf’ IPC1 Distribution Feeders L (m), Wire size (mm2), Material (Cu or Al), Conductors (#) THDu levels evolution THDi levels evolution Zf2’ Zf2’’ Zf2’’’ IPC2 Non- Linear Loads P (kW), H (%), cosφ IPC2 Zf3’ Linear Loads P (kW), Cos φ IPC3 IPC3 Zf4’’’ Zf4’’ Zf4’ PCC: Point of commoncoupling IPC Internalpoint of coupling

  7. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) | INTRODUCTION EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility EMI Electromagnetic Interference EMS Electromagnetic Susceptibility Device Immunity level Minimum Immunity level Amplitude COMPATIBILITY MARGIN ENVIRONMENT CLASS Maximum Emission level Device emission level Frequency spectrum

  8. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) | INTRODUCTION EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility EMI Electromagnetic Interference EMS Electromagnetic Susceptibility • Radio Frequency • Conduced • Radiated • Surges • Electrical fast transients • Electrostatic discharges • THD • Voltage dips and interruptions • Medium • Frecuency • 150 kHz< f < 30MHz • Conduced • Low • frequency • F <150 kHz • THD • Flicker • High • Frecuency • f > 30MHz • Radiated IEC61800-3

  9. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) | STANDARDS • CE marking for variable speed drive requires compliance with directive EMC 2004/108/CE • EMC 2004/108/CE requires compliance with standard IEC61800-3 EMC 2004/108/CE • IEC61800-3 states that the manufacturer shall provide the current harmonic level under certain conditions. IEC61800-3 ¿Compatibility levels? THDv THDi IEC61000-2-2 IEC61000-2-4 IEEE519 - 1992 IEC61000-3-4 IEC61000-3-12 • IEC61000-2-2: Public Low Voltage Power Supply Systems • IEC61000-2-4: Industrial and non-public networks. • Individual VHD and THDv (%) depending on the 3 environmetal class defined • Public networks up to 600V • THD and PWHD up to: • IEC61000-3-4 <16A • IEC61000-3-12 < 75A • Recomended practives and requirements for harmonic control in Electrical Power Systems. • Individual VHD and THDv (%) depending on Isc/IL • Individual CHD and THDI (%) depending on Isc/IL

  10. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) | IEC61800-2-4 Note: IEC61800-2-4 establish individual harmonic voltage distortion

  11. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) | IEC61800-3-12 Currentemissionlimitsforbalancedthree-phaseequipment < 76A

  12. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) | IEE519 - 1992 Individual and total voltage distortion limits at PCC (THDv) Individual and total current distortion limits at PCC (THDi): Isc: Maximum short circuit current @ PCC IL : Maximum current consumption by the load @ PCC

  13. SD700 FREEMAQ FR SD700 FREEMAQ FL SD700 SD700 FREEMAQ FA SD700 KOMPAKT

  14. ¿WHAT SHOULD I DO? • The selection of the appropriate technology shall be based in the following items: • Is it a new or retrofit project? • How many and which is the individual power rating of the harmonics sources? • What are the requirements for reactive energy compensation (cos )? • Is there any presence of tripleN harmonics (3, 9, 15,…)?

  15. HARMONICS MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES DC CHOKES SD500, SD700F1&2 CHOKES 3% SD700 series MULTIPULSE SD700 series 12,18,24p NOTCH FILTER SD700 FREEMAQ FL AFE SD700 FREEMAQ FR THDi <15% THDi ≈ 40% THDi <35% THDi <5% THDi <4% L1 L2 L1 L3 L2

  16. LH TECHNOLOGIES | SD700 MULTIPULSE DRIVE • PE offers 12, 18, 24 pulses drives • The rectifiers are shifted 30º / 15º / 7,5º • The current harmonics generated are: n = kp ± 1, Where: k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... p = number of pulses 12 pulses; 11, 13, 23, 25, 35, 37, 47, 49, … 18 pulses; 17, 19, 35, 37, 53, 55, …. 24 pulses; 23, 25, 47, 49,… 6p THDi ≈ 35% 12p THDi ≈ 15% Consider that... THDi in the low voltage side of the transformer will remain being 35% (same as 6pulse drive) 18p THDi ≈ 9% 24p THDi ≈ 5%

  17. LH TECHNOLOGIES | PASSIVE TUNNED FILTERING Zg L2 L1 5th C1 7th 1st C2 Grid Impedance (Zg) Variation f7th f5th • Tunned Filters designed for 5th or 7thHarmonic cancellation with a fixed Grid Impedance ( Zg) • Variation on Zg → Increase THDi • Variation on Zg → May cause Resonance • Valid for original facilities, retrofit projects modify the conditions. 5th 7th 1st

  18. LH TECHNOLOGIES | SD700FL NOTCH FILTER L1 L2 Zg L3 C1 5th 7th 1st SD700FL • THDi < 5%, below the limits defined in IEEE519 for all ISC/IL. • LCL Notch Filters designed for General Harmonic attenuation and independent from the Grid Impedance ( Zg) • Variation on Zg → Do NOT affect to THDi . ZL1>> Zg • Built in with robust electric components • Never cause resonance

  19. LH TECHNOLOGIES | SD700FR ACTIVE FRONT END L1 L2 Zg C1 SD700FR • THDi < 5%, below the limits defined in IEEE519 for all ISC/IL. • Cos Φ = 1.0 adjustable at any load condition. • Energy Regeneration for energy savings and built in Energy registers • Invariable Motor voltage against input voltage drops due an adjustable DC Voltage • Less Power Wiring and significant space savings • No additional installation cost

  20. LH TECHNOLOGIES | SD700FA ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER SD700FA Múltiple 6 pulse drives and other distortion sources • Works as a current source monitoring the load current or the line current at the point of interconnection, and injects the inverse current wave that cancels the harmonic distortion • THDi control at any load: Selective harmonic cancellation or full spectrum harmonic cancellation at any load conditions • Cos Φ = 1.0: It allows the dynamic control of the displacement power factor. • Competitive solution and small footprint for retrofits projects. • Centralization of the harmonics cancellation leads to a more cost-competitive solution

  21. SD700FA ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER | CONNECTION • An open loop configurationmeasures the load current and injects the inverse current harmonic wave form that cancels the harmonic distortion • A closed loop configuration measures the line current at the point of interconnection and injects inverse current harmonic to reach the target established by the user.

  22. SD700FA ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER | SELECTIVE ALGORITHM = + • By setting the selective harmonic cancellation you will be able to compensate in perfect opposite phase up to 6 individual harmonics simultaneously up to 25th harmonic (Depending on the switching frequency). • The user can individual set the final content of each individual harmonic in %. IEEE519

  23. SD700FA ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER | FSC ALGORITHMS = + • By setting the full spectrum harmonic cancellation the unit will not be focused on a specific harmonic number. Any harmonic content will be cancelled by injecting an opposite phase current wave form that results from subtracting the fundamental (50Hz) current wave.

  24. SD700FA ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER | ZERO-SEQUENCE HARMONICS • Zero-sequence harmonics or tripleN are the odd number of the multiple of three harmonics (3,9,15,…) caused by single phase loads (single-phase welders, low consumption lighting, computers, etc..) • TripleN harmonics circulate in phase in all three phases. Since the current in the neutral is equal to the sum of the currents in the phases, the neutral current is In= 3·I3 • SD700FA has no neutral connection and does not filter zero-sequence harmonics. So alternative filtering techniques can be used (Star-delta transfomer, Zig-Zag inductor, 4Wires filter).

  25. SD700FA ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER | SELECTION • SD700FA is a 3 wire Active Harmonic Filter (AHF) ranging from 100A to 630A. The current rating is expressed in RMS current value. • The RMS value of a given harmonic spectrum is obtained by the following formula: Forexample: H1 = 300Arms H5 = 60% =180Arms H7 =43% =129Arms H11 =25% =75Arms H13 =17% =51Arms

  26. SD700FA ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER | SELECTION • SD700FA can perform at the same time the reactive power compensation by injecting leading or lagging current. • Compared to traditional capacitor banks, the reactive compensation of the SD700FA is continuous (“stepless”), fast and smooth (no transients at switching). • The reactive current required is added to the harmonics rms current. The new ARMS rating is calculated as follows. Forexample: P = 800kW Ul = 400V DPF = cosφ = 0.90 DPF’ = cosφ’ = 0.95 IARMS_HARM=239A rms

  27. SD700FA ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER | OPERATION MODES • The PRIORITY determines the SD700FA’s current distribution within the available functions: • HARMONICS: The SD700FA injects harmonic current up to the pre-set values (%Hi or %Iarms). Once is reached, the remaining capacity can be used by the next priority. Pre-set harmonicvalue • REACTIVE: The SD700FA injects reactive current trying to reach the pre-set cos φ. As before, the remaining capacity can be used by the next priority. • MAX.HARMONICS: If the HARMONICS levels are met, and there is some current capacity left. The SD700FA can continue injecting harmonic current in order to fully cancel the harmonics.

  28. POWER ELECTRONICS appreciate your attention More info: www.power-electronics.com

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