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Agenda

Agenda. 10.27.09. Europe in the Middle Ages. Drill – What conditions should exist in a society to encourage population growth? Powerpoint – Europe in the Middle Ages Take notes, make questions HOMEWORK – read and OUTLINE on your own 139 – 141 (the late Middle Ages).

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Agenda

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  1. Agenda 10.27.09

  2. Europe in the Middle Ages • Drill – What conditions should exist in a society to encourage population growth? • Powerpoint – Europe in the Middle Ages • Take notes, make questions • HOMEWORK – read and OUTLINE on your own 139 – 141 (the late Middle Ages)

  3. Europe in the Middle Ages • Peasants, Trade and Cities During the high Middle Ages, Europe’s population grew from 38 to 74 million. Why? • The New Agriculture • Climate change helps crops • Peasants cultivated more land by cutting trees and draining swamps • New technology helps farmers: • Iron makes stronger devices • The carruca = new iron plow that could deal with tough clay soil.

  4. Improved crop rotation by using three fields instead of two. • The Manorial System • Landowning nobles needed time to pursue the “art of war” • Manors = the land owned by the nobles (also known as lords) • Peasants worked the land; lives dictated by seasons • Peasants that were legally bound to the land were SERFS • Serfs had to pay rent, work the land and live under the lord’s control • By 800, 60% of Western Europe = serfs

  5. The Revival of Trade • Italy took the lead with trade • Venice – had mercantile fleet (ships for trade). Was a trade hub by the 900s. • As trade countries stop bartering and want actual $ • Money Economy develops – economic system based on $ Commercial Capitalism (where people make investments in trade and goods to make profits)

  6. The Growth of Cities • Revival of trade revival of cities • Cities usually formed when merchants and artisans settled down near a trade route • People in cities = bourgeoisie • Cities are walled for protection; also dirty, crowded and stinky • Cities organized into guilds (business associations)

  7. II. Medieval Christianity and Culture Popes controlled territories in Italy: Papal States. Made popes more political than spiritual. • The Papal Monarchy • In the early middle ages, churches got tangled up in the feudal system – nobles/landowners would appoint bishops and then the bishops would have to work for the nobles • Pope Gregory VII decided he was personally chosen by God to fix the church – said nobles could no longer appoint church people, only the church could!

  8. Pope Gregory said if any ruler didn’t like the new rule, the pope would remove them. • German King Henry IV disagreed; wanted to appoint bishops to help him out. • 1075, Gregory passed an official decree that forbid any church person from getting appointed by a secular (non-church) person. • Pope Innocent III followed Greg, and brought the Catholic Church to its most powerful • Believed that the Pope was the supreme judge of everything in Europe!

  9. Pope Gregory VIII Pope Innocent III

  10. New Religious Orders • Late 1000s – early 1100s, religion became popular • Cistercian Order = active Christians; went out into community • Lots of nuns – intellectual women entered convents • Franciscan Order = founded by Francis of Assisi; preached repentance and aided the poor. Also did missionary work. • Dominican Order = devoted to battling heresy (denial of basic church teachings). Developed the INQUISITION court or Holy Office to investigate possible heresy.

  11. Saint Francis of Assisi • Cistercians doing their thing.

  12. Popular Religion • Sacraments = baptism, marriage and communion • Veneration of saints • Worshipping of apostles • Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome • Architecture • New church architecture = romanesque • Rectangular • Stone arched roofs • Massive pillars and walls • No windows DARK!

  13. Gothic – reached peak in 1200s • Ribbed vaults and pointed arches • Flying buttress – heavy, stone, arched supports on the outside of church walls • Walls thinner, lots of windows with stained glass note the pointed arches!

  14. Stained glass and ribbed vaults Flying buttresses

  15. Universities • Comes from the Latin word that means “corporation” or guild • Early universities = guilds of education • Kings, popes and princes founded new universities • By 1500, there were 80 universities in Europe • Taught classes using lecture (which, in Latin, means “to read”) • New literature also written in vernacular – the language of everyday speech

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