North Dakota Thunderstorm Experiment

1. AOSC 620: Lecture 22 Cloud Droplet Growth Growth by condensation in warm clouds R. Dickerson and Z. Li ND SD North Dakota Thunderstorm Experiment

2. Kelvin Curve Köhler Curve

3. Koehler Curve Plus.Impact of 1 ppb HNO3 vapor (curve 3). PSC’s often form in HNO3/H2O mixtures. From Finlayson and Pitts, page 803.

4. CCN spectrafrom Hudson and Yum (JGR 2002) and in Wallace and Hobbs (sp). page 214.

5. CCN measured in the marine boundary layer during INDOEX. Hudson and Yum (JGR, 2002). ↓ITCZ

6. Growth of Individual Cloud Droplet Depends upon Type and mass of hygroscopic nuclei. surface tension. humidity of the surrounding air. rate of transfer of water vapor to the droplet. rate of transfer of latent heat of condensation away from the droplet.

7. Assumptions • Isolated, spherical water droplet of mass M, radius r and density w • Droplet is growing by the diffusion of water vapor to the surface. • The temperature T and water vapor density v of the remote environment remain constant. • A steady state diffusion field is established around the droplet so that the mass of water vapor diffusing across any spherical surface of radius R centered on the droplet will be independent of R and time t.

8. Fick’s Law of Diffusion where D - diffusion coefficient of water vapor in air v - density of water vapor Note that Fw has units of mass/(unit area•unit time) The flux of water vapor toward a droplet through any spherical surface is given as

9. Mass Transport Rate of mass transfer of water vapor toward the drop through any radius R is denoted Tw (italics to distinguish from R & Temp) and Note that Tw = A1(a constant) because we assumed a steady state mass transfer.

10. Mass Transport - continued Integrate the equation from the surface of the droplet where the vapor density is vr to  where it is v. How far away is ? See below. (1)

11. Conduction of Latent Heat Assume that the latent heat released is dissipated primarily by conduction to the surrounding air. Since we assume that the mass growth is constant (A1), then the latent heat transport is a constant (A2). The equation for conduction of heat away from the droplet may be written as K is the thermal conductivity of air

12. Conduction of Latent Heat - continued Integrate the equation from the droplet surface to several radii away which is effectively .

13. Radial Growth Equations

15. Molecular diffusion to a droplet at 1.00 atm.How far is infinity?t = x2/Dx = 1.0 cm → t ≈ 4 s x = 0.32 m → t ≈ 4,000 s x = 1.0 m → t ≈ 40,000 sRepeat at 0.10 atm.The lifetime of a Cb is only a few hours.

16. Radial Growth - continued Note that, the radius of a smaller droplet will increase faster than a larger droplet..

17. Important Variables e: Ambient water vapor pressure es: Equilibrium (sat.) water vapor pressure at ambient temperature es = CC(T): er: Equilibrium water vapor pressure for a droplet er: =ehr=CC(Tr) f(r) f(r) = esr: Equilibrium water vapor pressure for plane water at the same temperature as the droplet esr= CC(Tr):

18. Additional Equations Clausius-Clapeyron equation Combined curvature and solute effects Integrate the CC equation from the saturation vapor pressure at the temperature of the environment es(T), denoted as es , to the saturation vapor pressure at the droplet surface es(Tr), denoted esr to obtain

19. Final Set of Growth Equations • Conduction of latent heat away Mass diffusion to the droplet • Combined curvature and solute effects • Clausius-Clapeyron equation

20. Summary The four equations are a set of simultaneous equations for er, esr , Tr , and r. If we know the vapor pressure and temperature of the environment and the mass of solute, the four unknowns may be calculated for any value of r. Then, r may be calculated by numerical integration.

21. Derivation of Droplet Radius Dependence on Time Steps to solve the Problem Expand Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Substitute for Tr - T in (2) using the expansion Express the ratio (esr/esin terms of radial growth rate from (1) Solve resulting equation for r (dr/dt)

22. Derivation

23. Solving for (esr /es) one obtains But from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation because the argument of the exponent <<1 for most problems of interest Derivation - continued

24. Derivation - continued But, from Eq. (2) we can write

25. Derivation - continued Note that some quantities always appear together. Lets define:

26. Derivation - continued or

27. Derivation - continued where

28. Radius as a Function of Time Note that, in general, this requires a numerical integration

29. Analytic Approximation Consider the case where S, C1, and C2 are constant. Separate variables and integrate as: Since (er /esr )1 after nucleation

31. Lifetime of a Cb ~ 1 hr. Why are cloud droplets fairly uniform in size?

32. ξ1 is normalized growth parameter where ξ = (S-1)/(Fk + Fd)

34. Summary for Cloud Droplet Growth by Condensation • Condensation depends on a seed or CCN. • Initial growth is a balance between the surface tension and energy of condensation. • Rate of growth depends on rate of vapor transfer and rate of latent heat dissipation. • Droplets formed on large CCN grow faster, but only at first. • Droplet growth slows after r ~ 20 mm. • Diffusion is a near field (cm’s) phenomenon. • Cloud droplets that fall out of a cloud evaporate before they hit the ground. • Why is there ever rain?