Understanding Computer Architecture: Foundations & Principles

1. Module I Overview of Computer Architecture and Organization

2. What is a Computer ???

3. Definition: Cambridge • It is an ​electronic ​machine that is used for ​storing, ​organizing, and ​finding words, ​numbers, and ​pictures, for doing ​calculations, and for ​controlling other ​machines

4. Definition • It is a fast electronic calculating machine that • accepts digitized input information • process it according to a list of internally stored information and • produces the resulting output information

5. Syllabus

6. Pre-requisites • Fundamentals of Computer • Digital Logic Circuits • Programming Languages (C, C++, Java)

7. Module 1 • Overview of Computer Architecture & Organization: • Introduction of Computer Organization and Architecture. • Basic organization of computer and block level description of the functional units. • Evolution of Computers, Von Neumann model. • Performance measure of Computer Architecture. • Introduction to buses and connecting I/O devices to CPU and Memory, bus structure.

8. Module 1 • Overview of Computer Architecture & Organization: • Introduction of Computer Organization and Architecture. • Basic organization of computer and block level description of the functional units. • Evolution of Computers, Von Neumann model. • Performance measure of Computer Architecture. • Introduction to buses and connecting I/O devices to CPU and Memory, bus structure.

9. Module 2 • Data Representation and Arithmetic Algorithms: • Number representation: Binary Data representation, two’s complement representation and Floating-point representation. IEEE 754 floating point number representation. • Integer Data computation: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication: Signed multiplication, Booth’s algorithm, Division of integers: Restoring and non-restoring division, Floating point arithmetic: Addition, subtraction

10. Module 3 • Processor Organization and Architecture: • CPU Architecture, Register Organization , Instruction formats, basic instruction cycle. Instruction interpretation and Sequencing. • Control Unit: Soft wired (Micro-programmed) and hardwired control unit design methods. Microinstruction sequencing and execution. Micro operations, concepts of nano programming. • Introduction to RISC and CISC architectures and design issues. • Case study on 8085 microprocessor: Features, architecture, pin configuration and addressing modes.

11. Module 4 • Memory Organization: • Introduction to Memory and Memory parameters. Classifications of primary and secondary memories. Types of RAM and ROM, Allocation policies, Memory hierarchy and characteristics. Cache memory: Concept, architecture (L1, L2, L3), mapping • techniques. Cache Coherency, Interleaved and Associative Memory Virtual Memory: Concept, Segmentation and Paging , Page replacement policies.

12. Module 5 • I/O Organization and Peripherals: • Input/output systems, I/O modules and 8089 IO processor. • Types of data transfer techniques: Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O and DMA. • Peripheral Devices: Introduction to peripheral devices, scanner, plotter, joysticks, touch pad.

13. Module 6 • Introduction to parallel processing systems: • Introduction to parallel processing concepts • • Flynn’s classifications • • pipeline processing • • instruction pipelining, • • pipeline stages • • Pipeline hazards.

14. Text Books • 1. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and Safwat Zaky, “Computer Organization”, Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill. • 2. John P. Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, Third Edition. • 3. William Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance”, Eighth Edition, Pearson. • 4. B. Govindarajulu, “Computer Architecture and Organization: Design Principles and Applications”, Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill.

15. Reference Books • 1. Dr. M. Usha, T. S. Srikanth, “Computer System Architecture and Organization”,First Edition, Wiley- India. • 2. “Computer Organization” by ISRD Group, Tata McGraw-Hill. • 3. Ramesh Gaonkar, “Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with the 8085, Fifth Edition,Penram.

16. Termwork • Term work should consist of at least 08 experiments. • Journal must include at least 2 assignments. • The final certification and acceptance of term work ensures that satisfactory performance • of laboratory work and minimum passing marks in term work. • Term Work: 25 Marks ( total marks ) = • 15 Marks ( Experiment ) + • 5 Marks ( Assignment ) + • 5 (Attendance (theory+practical)) • oral exam will be based on the above syllabus.

17. My Computer

18. Lenovo Desktop • Name & Model : Intel Core i3-2120 • CPU Speed : 3.3 GHz • RAM : 2GB • 32-bit Operating System • Hard disk : 320GB HOW MANY CORES ARE IN YOUR MOBILE?

19. Micro architecture • Itis a description of the electrical circuitry of a computer central processing unit that is sufficient for completely describing the operation of the hardware.

20. Types of Computers • Desktop & Mobile • Notebook • Workstations • Mainframes • Servers • Supercomputers

21. DESKTOP COMPUTERs • It has • Processing & Storage units(e.g. Hard disks, CD‐ROMs), • visual display &audio output units, • Input units ( keyboard, mouse, etc) • It can be easily located on a home or office desk • Used in homes, schools, business offices,…

22. NOTEBOOK COMPUTERs • Compact form of personal computer (laptop) • Size of a thin briefcase • Portable

23. WORKSTATIONs • Has high resolution graphics input/output capability • Has dimensions of desktop computer • More computational power than PC • Costlier • Used to solve complex problems which arises in engineering application

24. Mainframe • Also called Enterprise Systems • More computational power and storage than Workstation • Used for business data processing in medium to large corporations.

25. Servers • Contain big database storage units. • Handles large volumes of data requests • Requests and responses are transported via Internet • They are widely accessible to all.

26. Supercomputers • Faster than mainframes • Helps in large scale numerical calculations • Used for aircraft design and testing, military application, weather forecasting, etc.

27. Quiz

28. Question : 01 • The acronym PC stands for: • Private Computer • Personal Computer • Personal Compact

29. Question : 02 • Complex scientific research is usually done using: • Mainframe Computer • Super Computer • Mini Computer

30. Question : 03 • A laptop is an example for Personal Computer • True • False

31. Question : 04 • Which is not a Personal Computer • Desktop • Laptop • Mainframe • Tablet

32. Question : 05 • Mainframes are very cheap • True • False

33. This course is about: • What computers consist of • How computers work • How they are organized internally • What are the design tradeoffs • How design affects programming and applications • How to fix computers • How to build myself one real cheap • Which one to buy • Knowing all about the core i3, i5, i7

34. Introduction of Computer Architecture and Organization

35. University Question • Differentiate between Computer Architecture and Organization (05 Marks)

36. Computer Architecture • Defn: It refers to the attributes of a system visible to a programmer that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program • E.g. : Instruction set, No. of bits for various datatypes,…

37. Computer Organization • Defn: It refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. • E.g. Interfaces, Memory Used,…

38. Example Architectural Issue Organizational Issue Whether to include a multiply unit or go for repeated addition? • Whether to have multiply instruction?

39. Example : IBM System/370 • This architecture was introduced in 1970 • Still it is used in IBM’s Mainframe product line

42. Introduction • Information handled by computer are of two types: Instructions & Data • Instructions: They are explicit commands that • Govern transfer of information within and out of computer • Specifies arithmetic and logical operations to be performed

43. Introduction • Program: • A list of instructions that performs a task • Stored in memory • Processor fetches instructions and perform operations • Computer is controlled by stored programs • Data: • They are encoded numbers and characters used as operands by instruction e.g. BCD and ASCII

44. Functional Units of Computer

45. Functional Units of Computer • A computer consists of 5 parts: • Input Unit • Output Unit • Memory • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) • Control Unit

46. Input Unit • Accepts coded information from • human operators with the help of electromechanical devices e.g.keyboard • other computers with digital communication lines (using NIC) • E.g. for Input Device : • Most well known : Keyboard (binary code is transmitted) • Graphic Input Devices : joysticks, mouses • Microphones : for audio input

47. Input Unit • The information received: • Either stored in memory or • Immediately used by ALU

48. Input Devices Mouse – pointing device Keyboard Microphone – speech-recognition Digital Cameras

49. Output Unit • Counterpart of input unit • It sends the processed results to the outside world • E.g. printer, monitor

50. Output Devices Monitor Printer Speakers