Chapter 10: The Jefferson Era

1. Chapter 10:The Jefferson Era 1800-1816 Standard 8.3 EQ: What influence did the Jefferson Era have on the development of the United States?

2. Chapter 10 Academic Content Vocabulary • Radical- people who take extreme political positions. • John Marshall- Strong Federalist chief Justice, served for over 30 years. • Marbury vs. Madison- case in which power of judicial review was firmly placed in the Supreme Court.

3. Vocabulary (cont.) • Unconstitutional- violates (breaks) the Constitution • Judicial Review- the Supreme Court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution. • Louisiana Purchase- territory bought from France for $15 million (3 cents per acre.) Doubled the size of the U.S.

4. Vocabulary (cont) • Lewis & Clark expedition- 1803- exploration of newly gained territory • Sacagawea- Native American who greatly helped Lewis and Clark explore the land. • Impressment- kidnapping of American sailors to work on British ships. • Embargo Act of 1807- Closed off trade with foreign nations. Lost a lot of money

5. Vocabulary (cont) • War Hawks- group of Americans who wanted war with Britain in 1812. • Francis Scott Key- American lawyer who wrote the Star Spangled Banner • Treaty of Ghent- ended the War of 1812.

6. Section 1 • When Jefferson became president in 1801, his party replaced Federalist programs with its own.

8. Need a tie breaker Election of 1800

9. Tie Breaker! • Tie breaker goes to the Federalist controlled House of Representatives. • Alexander Hamilton now has to choose between two Democratic Republicans! • He fears Burr is too unreliable • “If there be a man in the world I ought to hate, it is Jefferson, but the public good must be [more important than] every private consideration” - Hamilton

10. July 11th 1804 Honor Respect

11. The Duel Alexander Hamilton Aaron Burr

12. Given that duels were generally fought at short distances (between 20 and 40 feet was typical), accuracy was not a major problem. • Dueling pistols generally had quite large calibers: 0.45 in was typical • A bullet fired from a dueling pistol had a muzzle velocity of around 800 feet per second, which gave it lethality. • These factors, coupled with the primitive state of emergency medicine at the time meant that dueling pistols could inflict very severe gunshot wounds and therefore fatalities were common.

13. "This is a mortal wound, doctor"-Hamilton • Burr would be charged for murder in both New York and New Jersey. • Harsh criticism and hatred directed towards him would end his political career and force him into a self-imposed exile. • Hamilton's untimely death fatally weakened the Federalist Party, which combined with the death of George Washington five years earlier, was left without a strong leader. THE DUEL

15. Burr Hamilton

16. 1st National Bank

18. Thomas Jefferson undoing Federalist programs • Ended the Alien and Sedition Acts. • Released prisoners of the Alien and Sedition Acts. • Ended unpopular taxes- Whiskey tax. • Reduced government jobs. • Reduced the size of the military. • Used tariffs and land sales to reduce the national debt.

19. John Marshall 1755- 1835 1st of 15 children • Chief Justice to the Supreme Court. • Member of the Federalist party. • Decided over 1000 cases. • Most important decision, Marbury vs Madison.

20. Marbury vs Madison • William Marbury • *Federalist • Made Justice of the Peace by John Adams. • *Sued Madison after he was denied his job. James Madison *Democratic-Republican *Secretary of State- in charge of appointing judges. *Denies William Marbury his position as justice of the peace for the District of Columbia.

21. Ruling • Supreme Court Rules Against William Marbury. • Law in which Marbury sued was Unconstitutional. • Supreme Court Grabs the power of Judicial Review!

22. Main Ideas • How was the tie between Jefferson and Burr decided after the election of 1800? • What important power was gained from Marbury vs Madison?

23. Section 2 • Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and doubled the size of the United States.

24. New Orleans, Strategic port needed for traveling up the Mississippi River. Why do we want more land?

25. Louisiana Purchase • In 1802, Spain closed the port of New Orleans to the United States. • Spain later gave it back to France, who planned to create colonies. • Angry Americans wanted to go to war against Spain and France. • Jefferson wanted to avoid war and offered to buy the port of New Orleans from France.

26. DNC Louisiana Purchase • Can Thomas Jefferson buy the land? • Does the Constitution say anything about the President buying land? • No, A loose interpretation of the Constitution is needed. • One similar to Hamilton’s views on the Constitution. • Jefferson also favored an agricultural economy and farmers needed land.

27. Louisiana Purchase. • The French leader Napoleon Bonaparte offered to sell the Louisiana territory for $15 million or 3 cents per acre. • France had piled up bills from its recent war with Britain. • France was having trouble with other colonies and another colony would not be a good move. WHY?

29. Louisiana Explored! • Capt. Meriwether Lewis and Lt. William Clark lead a crew of 40 explorers. • They meet native American guide, Sacagawea, she helps them navigate through the unknown land. • Zebulon Pike sets out and explores the southern region of the new territory.

30. Section 3 • Jefferson tried to avoid involvement in the problems of other nations.

31. “Our Country! In her relationships with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong.” -- Stephen Decatur, 1816

32. Not just for Decoration! Two Foreign Policy Choices

33. OR Peace War

34. Sound familiar? Jefferson’s Foreign Policy • “[America is] kindly separated by nature and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc [war] of one quarter of the globe.” • Jefferson advised the United Sates to seek the friendship of all nations, but to enter into entangling alliances with none.

35. Problems with England and France • The U.S. manages to stay out of the war between England and France. • The U.S. makes money selling to both countries. • By 1805, England is angry that the U.S. is supplying France with food and supplies.

36. England creates a partial blockade, allowing U.S. ships to deal with other countries (not France!)

37. Decisions…Decisions • France gets mad! They impose their own rules. • This places U.S. in a difficult position. • If the U.S. obeys British rules, then France can attack U.S. ships. • If the U.S. obeys French rules, then Britain can attack U.S. ships. • Britain also begins to kidnap U.S. sailor, impressment. What should the U.S. do?

38. I don’t think they care! You are going to work for us, like it or not! • Impressment - kidnapping of American sailors to work on British ships. Hey man, I’m not even British. I’m an American!

39. Trade as a Weapon • Instead of declaring war, Jefferson asks congress to stop all trade with foreign nations. • Embargo Act of 1807- closes all trade to and from foreign nations. • U.S. merchants lost a lot of money. • Later changed, to allow U.S. ships to trade with any country except Britain or France.

40. Native American unity • Since the Battle of Fallen Timbers native Americans continued to lose land. • Chief Tecumseh believed that the reason Natives kept losing land was because they were divided into many different tribes. • He slowly began to unite the different tribes of the Ohio valley. • Lost the Battle of Tippecanoe, sets back efforts to unite the tribes.

41. War Hawks • The British begin to supply the natives with weapons. • This further angers Americans, increases hatred toward the British. • Americans who demanded war were known as War Hawks. One such American was Henry Clay. • They wanted Britain out of North America! • The U.S. Declares War on Britain on June 18, 1812.

42. Main Ideas • How did the British and French interfere with American shipping? • How did Jefferson respond to the Interference? • Why did the War Hawks favor war?

43. Section 4 • Angered by Britain’s interference in the nation’s affairs, the United States went to war. Help!

44. Causes of the War of 1812

45. The War begins • Britain really did not want to go to war with the United States. • They were already involved in a war with France. • Wars are expensive. $$$$ • The War of 1812 is divided into 2 phases.

46. The War of 1812 • 1812-1814 England focuses on its war with France. • 1814-1815 After defeating France, Britain focuses its energy on the U.S. • War officially ends with the Treaty of Ghent.

47. United States Army- less than 7,000 men. Navy- 16 ships Experience- poorly trained and equipped. Britain Army- 48,163 Navy- War Ships: 11•Frigates: 34•Other vessels: 52 Experience- Highly experienced. Recent war with France has toughened many soldiers. Stats before the War

48. The First phase of the War • The most important battle took place on Lake Erie. • Oliver Hazard Perry took control of the U.S infant fleet. • Defeated British attempts at controlling the lake. • “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”- Commodore Perry

49. First Phase (cont) • Battle of the Thames- General Harrison defeats British forces in Canada. • Ends British threat in the Northwest. • Chief Tecumseh dies in battle while fighting on the British side.

50. Britain sets up blockade 1812 • Britain captures Washington D.C. and burns down the White House.- 1814 • General Jackson defeats the British in New Orleans-1815