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Argument Vocab. Aristotle's rhetorical triangle. The study and art of using language effectively. The rhetorical triangle sets out the guidelines for persuading someone:. Pathos-Appeals to your feelings. Ex. "My dog just died so I couldn't do my homework!"
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Aristotle's rhetorical triangle • The study and art of using language effectively.
The rhetorical triangle sets out the guidelines for persuading someone: • Pathos-Appeals to your feelings. • Ex. "My dog just died so I couldn't do my homework!" • Ethos- Appeals to someones sense of honesty or authority. • Ex. "I swear on my life that is the truth." • Logos- Appeals to someone's sense of logic. • Ex. I didn't have internet so i couldn't do my homework on google docs.
Argument • - verbal opposition; a process of reasoning or disagreement where different point of view are expressed. • Ex. Explaining to a parent that your curfew should be later. • Often used in debates, judicial trials, and in simple everyday communication. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQFKtI6gn9Y
Evidence • - proof of something that can prove or disprove a point of view. It is the basis of stressing or asserting a standpoint. • Ex. Cookies were stolen from a cookie jar. All that is left is a chocolate fingerprint on the table.
Warrant • -authorization or justification to do something. Warrants are only granted when there is strong suspision or evidenc. • Ex. A mom going into her child's bedroom without permission. Her justification is that she is a mother(it may also be her house). • Warrants allow police to access personal property. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nt4Lujk9NE
"Warrant" • Well I've been judged I've been a bug unknown • I know all about it but my heart is strong • I've been away been running to save my head • Yeah the warrant's out and I'm almost dead • I won't say what I've already said • [x2:] • Got to get away • Yeah, the warrants on my head • Got to get away • They want me alive or dead • I've thought a lot about the way that they fight • Come through the phone lines, not man enough to face me
I can stop or argue about what they say • Yeah the warrant's out and I'm not gonna pay • I said what I'm gonna say • [x2:] • Got to get away • Yeah, the warrants on my head • Got to get away • They want me alive or dead • Fear is like a fake friend • It warms you up and takes you in • You mouth the words but no sound comes out • Fear is like your best friend • Manipulates and takes you in • You mouth the words • No sound again
But you don't know better • You don't know better • [x4:] • Got to get away • Yeah, the warrants on my head • Got to get away • They want me alive or dead
Rhetoric • -the study or ability to use effective language or means of persusion; the use of prose instead of verse. • Ex. When you consider all the cons, it seems to me that all the pros out weigh them. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2Dtmhk6vJw
Speaker • -a person who communicates in a formal way with a sometimes large audience. • -The speaker hold the audience's attention during an arguement, debate, etc. • Ex. The president making his inauguration speech to the United States upon entering office as the president to let people know what he has done and what he is going to do.
Context • -parts of a written or spoken body of words that surround a particular event, situation, etc. • Ex. I go to the gym every morning. Sometimes it is cold, sometimes it is not. I enjoy running on the track. The gym is the best! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PK7P7uZFf5o
Confirmation • -to make a words certain; something that supports, validates, or verifies the subject or concept. • Ex. Yes, we are going to school tomorrow.
Fallacy -a statement or argument based on a false or invalid inference
Slippery Slope • -a course of action that seems to lead inevitably from one action or result to another with unintended consequences
Hasty Generalization • -a logical fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence • Ex. “The two weightlifters I have met both take steroids. Therefore, all weightlifters take steroids.”
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc • the logical fallacy of believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation. • Ex. “Crime rate has increased since drugs have become illegal.”
Genetic Fallacy • -the fallacy of confusing questions of validity and logical order with questions of origin and temporal order. • Ex. “Most Christians become Christians because their parents are.”
Begging the Claim • -Begging the claim is what one does in an argument when one assumes what one claims to be proving. • Ex. “Abortion is the unjustified killing of a human being and as such is murder. Murder is illegal. So abortion should be illegal.”
Circular Argument • -a discussion that makes a conclusion based on material that has already been assumed in the argument • Ex. "You can't give me a C! I'm an A student!"
Either/Or • -logical fallacy in which the writer states that only two alternatives exist when in fact there are more than two • Ex. A mother may tell her child: "Eat your broccoli or you won't get desert." • Ex."Either you are part of the problem or part of the solution."
Ad Hominem • -logical fallacy in which the writer attacks the person who presents the issue rather than deal logically with the issue itself.
Bandwagon -a party, cause, movement, etc., that by its mass appeal, or strength readill attracts followers.
Bandwagon continued... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G8fG1bKgQo&feature=player_embedded
Appeal to Reason • -To seek to persuade or to reason with someone through the use of logical argument or discourse. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thzUR_mq6OY&feature=player_embedded
Bait and Switch • - A form of fraud, most commonly used in retail sales but applicable to other contexts. First, customers are baited by advertising for a product or service at a low price. Second, the customers discover that an advertised good is not available and are switched to a costlier product. • Ex. An advertisement for a free chicken sandwich, but you actually have to purchase a side of fries and a drink.
McDonald's Commercial • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9tyT--fuAA&feature=player_embedded
Stereotyping • - A popular belief about specific types of individuals that are unusually unjust or unfair • Ex. All women are bad drivers. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-Sjld5yy3Q&feature=player_embedded
Biased or Prejudicial Statements • - When a statement reflects a partiality, preference, or prejudice for or against a person, object or an idea. • Ex. The association that black people are more related to crime.
Logos • -Appeal to logic and reason. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WP9tkpMRD9s&feature=player_embedded
Ethos • -The guiding belief or ideals that characterize a nation, community, or ideology. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgVzAMQsP5o&feature=player_embedded
Pathos • -Using words, objects, or ideas to create an emotional reaction. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQ_vcv5I_KA&feature=player_embedded
Ad Populum • -Latin for "appeal to the people"; a technique of persuading an audience by appealing to a common belief. • Ex. "But officer, I don't deserve a ticket; everyone goes this speed. If I went any slower, I wouldn't be going with the stream of traffic." • Hiter lid th Germans about how the Jews were bad and should be exterminated. They beleved him and killed millions in the Holocaust. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXXdXhNoDD4&list=FLbTCj4O_J5n5m17MKCLb43A&index=1&feature=plpp_video
Red Herring • -Figurative expression in which a clue or piece of information is intended to be misleading, or distracting from the actual question; the informal fallacy of presenting an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question. • "I think there is great merit in making the requirements stricter for the graduate students. I recommend that you support it, too. After all, we are in a budget crisis and we do not want our salaries affected."
Straw Man • -Also known as an "Aunt Sally"; component of an argument and is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position; to "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by replacing it with a superficially similar yet equivalent proposition and refuting it without ever having, actually refuting the original position. • "Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program. I disagree entirely. I can't understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that."
Moral Equivalence • -A term used in political debates, usually to criticize any denial that a moral hierarchy can be assessed of two sides in a conflict or in the actions or tactics of two sides. • Claiming that Nazism wasn't as bad as Communism, by drawing a moral equivalence between the Holocaust, and the mass deaths under Mao's Great Leap Forward, Stalin's purges and gulags, and Pol Pot's killing fields. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqPzW63EWwc
Assertion/Claim • -The declaration of an idea to persuade an audience toward a particular belief; somethg declared or stated positively, often wth no support or attempt at proof. • Ex. "All men are created equal."
Toulmin Method • -Created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin; an informal method of reasoning that involves the data, claim, and warrant of an argument; identified elements of a good persuassive argument. • Ex. "I drove last time, so this time it is your turn to drive."
Rogerian Method • - Developed by Carl Rogers, an American psyhologist; a conflict solving technique based on finding common ground instead of polarizing debate; a negotiating strategy in which opposing views are described objectively and common goals are identified to reach agreement. • "We both agree that littering is destructive."
Hegelian Method • -A method of argumentation or exposition that systematically weighs contradictory facts or ideas with a view to the resolution of their real or apparent contradictions; the philosophy of Hegel that places reality in ideas instead of things. • "... the State 'has the supreme right against the individual, whose supreme duty is to be a member of the State... for the right of the world spirit is above all special privileges.'"
Summation • -The process of adding or pulling things together in the final stages of an argument, speech, etc.; a concluding part of a speech or argument containg a summary of principle points. • Ex. A jury's closing speech before the reading of the verdict.
