FEM 3335 Development and Sustainability

1. FEM 3335Development and Sustainability Associate Prof Dr Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abd Rashid Department of Social & Development Science Faculty of Human Ecology Universiti Putra Malaysia sharifah@putra.upm.edu.my

2. ContentTopics for Lectures 1-6 • Scenario of the changing world, defining social change and sources of change, and the advancement of technology and its impact on society and the environment. • Development and the multiple perspectives on change : the changing trends of development and how the current trend differs from the traditional approach. • The changing society and how the earth is impacted. Global perspectives on resources declining and consumption rising. The developed versus the developing worlds and the question of Ecological Footprints. • Protocols for Sustainable Development. Tracing the historic origins of the concept and its commonly accepted definition…aims, objectives, and the basic principles of SD.

3. Topic 1 Scenario of the Changing World, Social Change and the Impact of Technology on Society and the Environment • The History of the changing world. • Social change processes and the role of technology. • The advancement of technology and its impact on society and the environment.

4. History of the Changing World Planetary Phase 100 years ? Modern Era 1,000 years Complexity Early Civilization 10,000 years Stone Age 100,000 years 20,000 10,000 0 Years Before Present

5. Planetary Phase of Civilization …..refers to a current historical transition from a world of capitalist states and consumerist societies to a world of increased global connectivity with new global institutions (like the United Nations and the World Trade Organizations), new information technologies, the age of biotechnology, environmental change in the biosphere, economic globalization, and shifts in culture and consciousness.

6. Globalization Economic Base Industrial capitalism Settled agriculture Hunting & gathering 105 104103 102 Years Before Present

7. Internet Communication Printing Writing Language Years Before Present 105 104103 102

8. Definition of Social Change • Generally, social change is defined as the movement of society from one level of livelihood to another level. • Social change is also defined as the framework of change and new social behavior that benefits the society. (TriandisdalamRozali, 1991)

9. Social Change Concept • Change is important in social behavior or changes in the social system. • Social change refers to changes in terms of existing social relationships eg in the family, economy, politic and religion • Social change also refers to permanent changes to the cultural components, social structure and social bahavior.

10. cont • The changes involved changes in cultural values, norms and roles. • It also involved leading social institutions like the family institutions, religious, education etc. • Social change is also a qualitative and quantitative processes of change to both planned and unplanned social phenomena

11. Values Social Economy Governance Technology Knowledge Demography Dimensions

12. Sources of Social Change • Environmental - natural disaster • Population - Fertility, mortality, longevity and consumption. • Modernization is a process of social change initiated by industrialization process. - industrialization, urbanization, bureaucratization • Human interactions - Human actions. Collective behavior, environmental factors, declining norms. Social control breakdown.

13. sambung • Global development - developed countries @rich - undeveloped countries @poor • Technological factors - automation - cultural lag - Cultural innovation, inventions, diffusions

14. Technology and Social Change • Rapid increase in the rate of population growth and the wealth of society. • Tensions created in society, the natural environment and ecology. • Technology and engineering becoming more important in creating and providing solutions to problems. • Technology brings about social change on human lives in terms of culture, lifestyle, communication and interactions among them. • Technology influence peoples’ lives either positively and negatively. • People need to plan and in control of the changes to ensure security and that the future generation live sustainably.

15. Discussion • What do you understand by Social Change? • What are the factors that cause Global Social Change? • Define Technology and explain how technology able to change the world?

16. Topic 2 Multiple Perspectives on Change • Definitions • Theories and changing trends of development approaches • Current versus traditional approaches

17. Synonym for change - usually considered as a positive change, beneficial alteration, achievement of a better (material) life Other Parallel Concepts : Progress, Advancement and Growth Progress derives from the idea of moving on, advancing. Progress has a connotation of structural changes which are based on superindividual factors. Development is more consciously accomplished change. Conceptual Surroundings of Development

18. For almost every writer a different definition of development exists. Important to first distinguish between: Development as a state or condition-static Development as a process or course of change- dynamic Definitions of Development

19. Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi-dimensional process involving reorganization and reorientation of entire economic AND social system Development is process of improving the quality of all human lives with three equally important aspects. These are: Meaning of Development-Todaro

20. Raising peoples’ living levels, i.e. incomes and consumption, levels of food, medical services, education through relevant growth processes Creating conditions conducive to the growth of peoples’ self-esteem through the establishment of social, political and economic systems and institutions which promote human dignity and respect. Increasing peoples’ freedom to choose by enlarging the range of their choice variables, e.g. varieties of goods and services Todaro’s Three Objectives of Development

21. Development as Modernization- emphasizes process of social change which is required to produce economic advancement; examines changes in social, psychological and political processes; How to develop wealth oriented behavior and values in individuals; profit seeking rather than subsistence and self sufficiency Shift from commodity to human approach with investment in education and skill training Alternative Interpretations of Development

22. Development asDistributive Justice - view development as improving basic needs Interest in social justice which has raised three issues: Nature of goods and services provided by governments Matter of access of these public goods to different social classes How burden of development can be shared among these classes Target groups include small farmers, landless, urban under-employed and unemployed Alternative Interpretations of Development

23. Emphasizes Mode of Production - elements and activities necessary to produce and reproduce real, material life Capitalist (market economy) mode depends on wage labor whose labor power produces a surplus which is accumulated and appropriated by the employer-result is often class conflict in capitalist societies Marxist View of Development

24. Defined as development that is likely to achieve lasting satisfaction of human needs and improvement of the quality of life and encompasses: Help for the very poorest who are left with no option but to destroy their environment to survive Idea of self-reliant development with natural resource constraints Cost effective development using different economic criteria to the traditional –i.e. development should not degrade environment Important issues of health control, appropriate technologies, food self-reliance, clean water and shelter for all People centered activities are necessary- human beings are the resources in the concept Sustainable Development

25. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physical needs. Physical and emotional security. Social needs. Status, respect, power. Self-actualization. Development Philosophy

26. Bottom up approaches (as opposed to top-down) to peoples’ participation are important in this view How are various social groups and classes affected by rural-urban, core-periphery and other spatial interactions? Growing importance of “decentralization” of decision-making and authority from center to periphery Current Trends of DevelopmentDevelopment from Below

27. Voluntarism creativist idea of individuals (contra consumerism of passive recipients) Avoidance of bureaucracy Self-reliance as objective (contra as means for modernization) aims and values from within no forerunners to follow Current Trends of DevelopmentDevelopment from Below

28. Empowerment capacitation Participation Indigenous knowledge populism critique of science and theory Aversion (dislike) of systematization Trickle-up grass-root development agency distrust of experts Current Trends of DevelopmentDevelopment from Below

29. Participatory, People-Centered Development Decisions about development goals, objectives, and the means to achieve these goals and objectives are decided by the people. Development must be sustainable (i.e., ecologically sound, cost-effective, local control). Modest and achievable goals. No utopias. Feedback on goals, objectives, methods of development. Current Trends in Development

30. Participatory, People-Centered Development Appropriate technology. Sustainable technology. Informed technology. Control over technology. Place-based technology. Adaptive technological change. Current Trends in Development

31. How does the power structure affect development? Examine sources of empowerment, inequality and discrimination Need to devise more people centered approaches which stress empowerment and participation Empowerment as participatory development seeks to engender self-help and self-reliance but also effective collective decision-making Popular Development and Power

32. Obstacles to Participatory Development Customs and traditions. Lack of skills. Apathy. Depression. Tensions among competing groups. Macroeconomic and social forces. Resources for a more labor-intensive approach.

33. Discussion • Define Development, its aims and objectives? • Outline the theories of Development? • What is the current trend of development and how does it differ from the traditional approach? • How would you describe the current trend of development in your country?

34. Topic 3 Development, Advancement and Modernity -Science and Technology and its Impact on Society and the Environment • Our Changing society. • Global perspectives where resources declining and consumption rising • Drivers of technological change and impact on planet earth • The developed versus the developing worlds and their ecological footprints

35. The New Global Setting • Increased financial, trade, investment and technology flows. • Rapid and accelerating technological progress, including ICTs, biotechnology, new materials, electronics, robotics have both positive and negative impacts on society and the environment. • New managerial and organizational systems • New international rules and regulations: trade, quality, environment, intellectual property rights

36. Terminology • Technology is the modification of the natural environment in order to satisfy perceived human needs and wants. • Technological literacy is the ability to use, manage, assess, and understand technology.

37. Living longer More generations co-existing Rising divorce rate Changing household structures Smaller households Fast rising incomes & wealth Changing ethnic mix (Eurasian) Living elsewhere Living differently Home leasing on the rise New tribalism Spending differently Outsourcing tasks and chores Our Changing Society • Rise of virtual shopping • Living with leisure • New entertainment & sports • Increasing knowledge • Increasing financial literacy • Living with IC&T • Electronic “guardian angels” • Working differently • New industries/ occupations • Changing spirituality • Outlawing discrimination • Changing politics (ideologies) • Ecological sensitivity

38. SOLAR CAPITAL EARTH Goods and services Heat Human Economic and Cultural Systems Human Capital Depletion of nonrenewable resources Degradation of renewable resources Natural Capital Pollution and waste Recycling and reuse

39. life supporting resources declining consumption of life supporting resources rising Global Perspective

41. The Technology Divide - Outlook • A small number of industrialized countries provide practically all the world’s technology innovation. • Some developing countries are able to adopt these technologies in production and consumption. • The remaining part is technologically disconnected, neither innovating nor adopting foreign technologies.

42. Ecological Footprints -The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. United States - 5 hectares/person Developing nations - 0.5 hectare/person For everyone to live at today’s US footprint would require 3 planet Earths Increasing affluence and population is damaging Earth’s essential ecology Planet Earth is Impacted -The Developed and Developing Worlds

43. Atmospheric pollution and climate change Water pollution, including ground aquifers Deforestation and loss of oxygenation The oceans, coral reefs and their bounty National parks, wildernesses and wetlands Nonrenewable natural resource depletion Biodiversity is in Danger Global warming… Our Planet in Danger

44. Drivers for Technological Change • Social • Technology and Science • Economic • Environmental • Political

45. Social Drivers • Consumer awareness, perceptions, attitudes and beliefs affecting preferences and choice • Increasing per capita incomes in developing countries • Demographic changes • Lifestyle changes associated with urbanization in developing countries

46. Info and Communication • Cell phones, internet access • Greater direct access to international markets – web site – Internet • Greater accessibility to information – Technologies, market data, scientific and technical databases • Direct connection between buyer and seller • Improved and real time traceability

47. Major increases are occurring in human population and affluence. Major stresses result in our society, natural environment, and ecology. Technology and engineering are central to the creation and the mitigation of problems. Predicting the future is difficult. The next twenty five to fifty years will be decisive. Summary

48. It is technological development that meets the economic and environmental needs of the present while enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. As world population increases, the industry can serve more customers with higher quality, higher performing products and services, while demonstrating responsible stewardship of our planet. The nation should be properly positioned to bring into reality the technology vision of an industry – one that protects environmental quality, improves economic well-being, and promotes a higher quality of life. Role and Impact of Technology:Sustainability

49. Topic 4Protocols for Sustainable DevelopmentBackground history of Sustainable Development

50. Sustainable Development History : A Background Critique of traditional development Contributing to health problems, ecological degradation, poverty and social injustice Undermining ecological, social and economic capital of communities Sustainable Development as remedy.